Learning Macromedia Flash 5
Visit Rate Error
Learning Macromedia Flash 5 provides students the knowledge and experience they need to design and build animations for use on Web pages, in presentations, and as stand-alone movies. The total-immersion, hands-on tutorial walks students step by step, mouse-click by mouse-click, keystroke by keystroke through the various features of Macromedia Flash 5 e.g., graphics, simple and advanced animation techniques, sound, text, and programming scripts. The well-illustrated, spiral-bound manual contains easy-to-read, appealingly formatted procedural explanations and step-by-step exercises in a multi-part Lesson format. Learning Macromedia Flash 5 includes topics such as: Flash 5 Basics; Create a Movie; Enhance a Movie; Publish a Movie; Advanced Flash; and Projects and Challenges. The CD-ROM includes data files, evaluation version of Macromedia Freehand, Dreamweaver, and Fireworks.
Screenshots
Cost: $38.67 Edition: Book and CD-ROM edition ISBN: 1585771473
Resource Specification
Category:
Flash : Books
Title / Program Name:
Learning Macromedia Flash 5
URL:
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1585771473/bigwebmasters-20
Download URL:
N/A
Live Demo URL:
N/A
Screenshots URL:
http://www.bigwebmaster.com/screenshots/1585771473.jpg
Version:
N/A
File Size:
N/A
Released Date:
July, 2001
Cost:
$38.67
Platforms Supported:
N/A
Author:
Suzanne Weixel
Keywords:
flash animation, flash movies, flash tutorial
Summary:
Learn beginning and advanced Flash animation by creating movies
Description:
Learning Macromedia Flash 5 provides students the knowledge and experience they need to design and build animations for use on Web pages, in presentations, and as stand-alone movies. The total-immersion, hands-on tutorial walks students step by step, mouse-click by mouse-click, keystroke by keystroke through the various features of Macromedia Flash 5 e.g., graphics, simple and advanced animation techniques, sound, text, and programming scripts. The well-illustrated, spiral-bound manual contains easy-to-read, appealingly formatted procedural explanations and step-by-step exercises in a multi-part Lesson format. Learning Macromedia Flash 5 includes topics such as: Flash 5 Basics; Create a Movie; Enhance a Movie; Publish a Movie; Advanced Flash; and Projects and Challenges. The CD-ROM includes data files, evaluation version of Macromedia Freehand, Dreamweaver, and Fireworks.
Ratings Breakdown
Number of Votes:
2
Resource Rating:
9.50
Highest Rating:
10
Lowest Rating:
9
Rating Vote % # of Votes
10 50% 1
9 50% 1
8 0% 0
7 0% 0
6 0% 0
5 0% 0
4 0% 0
3 0% 0
2 0% 0
1 0% 0
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Saturday, February 27, 2010
Photoshop Tutorials
Adobe Photoshop Tutorials - Photoshop Essentials.com
Learn Photoshop With Photoshop Tutorials At Photoshop Essentials.com!
Looking for Photoshop tutorials? Welcome to Photoshop Essentials.com, your best online resource for learning Adobe Photoshop! From Photoshop Basics to Photo Editing, Photo Effects to Tips and Tricks, we offer Photoshop tutorials on everything you need!
All of our Adobe Photoshop tutorials are written by an Adobe Certified Expert with beginner Photoshop users in mind, but that doesn't mean we only cover the basics. Far from it! It means that even if you're learning how to create a complex photo effect, you can rest assured that every step along the way in our Photoshop tutorials is fully explained. Whether you're a photographer, graphic designer or web designer, amateur or professional, if you're looking for Adobe Photoshop tutorials that are fun and easy to follow regardless of your skill level, you'll find them here!
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New Photoshop tutorials are being added regularly! Check below for the latest additions. Above all, enjoy learning Photoshop!
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Looking for Photoshop tutorials? Welcome to Photoshop Essentials.com, your best online resource for learning Adobe Photoshop! From Photoshop Basics to Photo Editing, Photo Effects to Tips and Tricks, we offer Photoshop tutorials on everything you need!
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Whenever possible, we try to avoid using features found only in the very latest version of Adobe Photoshop, unless the tutorial is specifically explaining how a new feature works or there's simply no better way to complete a step. The basics of Photoshop have remained the same for years, and in general, our Photoshop tutorials will work with any recent version, including Photoshop 7, Photoshop CS, Photoshop CS2, and Photoshop CS3. Many tutorials will even work with Photoshop Elements! If we do use a newer feature in one of our Photoshop tutorials, we try our best to warn you up front that you'll need a specific version of Photoshop to follow along.
New Photoshop tutorials are being added regularly! Check below for the latest additions. Above all, enjoy learning Photoshop!
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View All Photoshop Tips And Tricks Tutorials
Home Page | Photoshop Basics | Photo Effects | Photo Editing | Text Effects | Photo Essentials | Tips & Tricks | Privacy Policy
All Content © 2006 - 2010 Photoshop Essentials.com. All Rights Reserved. Photoshop is a trademark of Adobe Systems Inc.
Latest Tutorials
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Creating Custom Photoshop Brushes
Magnetic Lasso Tool Tutorial
Polygonal Lasso Tool Tutorial
Photoshop Lasso Tool Tutorial
Elliptical Marquee Tool Tutorial
view all >>
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Flip, Rotate And Mirror Designs
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view all >>
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Photoshop Fire Text Tutorial
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view all >>
Digital Photo Essentials:
JPEG Image Compression Tutorial
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Photoshop RGB Color Channels Tutorial
Resizing vs Resampling Tutorial
Understanding Image Pixels Tutorial
view all >>
Home | Contact Us
Custom Search Latest Tutorials RSS RSS by Email
Print-Ready PDFs | Photoshop Basics | Brushes | Photo Editing | Photo Effects | Text Effects | Digital Photo Essentials | Photoshop Tips & Tricks
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RemoveWGA 1.2
65,698
Adobe Flash Player
10.1.51.95 Beta 3 /
10.0.45.2 /
9.0.246.0
51,178
DVD Shrink 3.2.0.15
48,445
Nero 7 Premium
7.11.10.0
44,404
Avast! Free
Antivirus 5.0.418
Final
42,864
WEEK'S BEST
DiskAnalyzer Pro [...
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WinPatrol 17.1.201...
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EASEUS Data Recove...
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novaPDF Lite [DISC...
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WINner Tweak [DISC...
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Smarty Uninstaller...
Ashampoo Magical D...
Online Armor ++ 4....
TuneUp Utilities 2...
Home > Windows > Categories > Mobile Phone Tools
Mobile Phone Tools
32 program(s)
IPhone >
Nokia >
Siemens >
Sony Ericsson >
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Desktop Enhancement
NVIDIA to Reveal Fermi Specs at CeBIT
WINDOWS CATEGORIES:
Antivirus
Authoring tools
CD/DVD Tools
Compression tools
Desktop Enhancements
File managers
Internet
IPOD TOOLS
Mobile Phone Tools
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Network Tools
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PORTABLE SOFTWARE
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Science / CAD
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System
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UNIX
Windows Widgets
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WEEKLY HIGHLIGHTS
DVD Cloner
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7-DAY TOP DOWNLOAD
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Program
Avira AntiVir
Personal - Free
Antivirus 9.0.0.418
185,288
Avira Antivir Virus
Definition File
Update February 25,
2010
136,803
Windows Live
Messenger 2009
14.0.8089.726
94,630
Microsoft Office
2010 14.0.4536.1000
Beta / 2007
87,851
Y! Multi Messenger
8.x and 9.x
79,715
RemoveWGA 1.2
65,698
Adobe Flash Player
10.1.51.95 Beta 3 /
10.0.45.2 /
9.0.246.0
51,178
DVD Shrink 3.2.0.15
48,445
Nero 7 Premium
7.11.10.0
44,404
Avast! Free
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42,864
WEEK'S BEST
DiskAnalyzer Pro [...
Wondershare Office...
WinX HD Video Conv...
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WinX DVD to iPod R...
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WinX Blu-Ray Decry...
Aimersoft DVD to 3...
Returnil Virtual S...
Backup4all Pro [DI...
East-Tec Eraser 20...
VIRUSfighter 6.2.68
Platinum Guard [GI...
SPAMfighter Pro 6....
AVG Internet Secur...
novaPDF Lite [DISC...
Ad-Aware Internet ...
WINner Tweak [DISC...
Uniblue DiskRescue...
Smarty Uninstaller...
Ashampoo Magical D...
Online Armor ++ 4....
TuneUp Utilities 2...
Home > Windows > Categories > Desktop Enhancements
Desktop Enhancements
9 program(s)
Clocks & Time Management >
Icons Related >
Other Desktop Enhancements >
Screensavers >
Shell Replacements >
Themes >
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WINDOWS CATEGORIES:
Antivirus
Authoring tools
CD/DVD Tools
Compression tools
Desktop Enhancements
File managers
Internet
IPOD TOOLS
Mobile Phone Tools
Multimedia
Network Tools
Office tools
Others
PORTABLE SOFTWARE
Programming
Science / CAD
Security
System
Tweak
UNIX
Windows Widgets
GLOBAL PAGES >>
NEWS ARCHIVE >>
SOFTPEDIA REVIEWS >>
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Wallpapers Free Download
free vista 3d, xp, car, nature, art army, celebrities, game walpappers
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Free 3D Wallpapers
Download Free 3D Digital, Computers Games, Cars, Bollywood Wallpapers
www.Windows7Look.com
Free Download Winks
Winks And Smileys 100% Free ! Get them with IMBooster now
iminent.com/Free-winks
Wallpaper
Listen to free music! Over 1,000,000 songs
BlueBeat.com
WEEKLY HIGHLIGHTS
DVD Cloner
Spyware Doctor
1Click DVD Copy
Apollo DVD Copy
ABC Amber BlackBer...
Protected Music Co...
7-DAY TOP DOWNLOAD
#
Program
Avira AntiVir
Personal - Free
Antivirus 9.0.0.418
185,288
Avira Antivir Virus
Definition File
Update February 25,
2010
136,803
Windows Live
Messenger 2009
14.0.8089.726
94,630
Microsoft Office
2010 14.0.4536.1000
Beta / 2007
87,851
Y! Multi Messenger
8.x and 9.x
79,715
RemoveWGA 1.2
65,698
Adobe Flash Player
10.1.51.95 Beta 3 /
10.0.45.2 /
9.0.246.0
51,178
DVD Shrink 3.2.0.15
48,445
Nero 7 Premium
7.11.10.0
44,404
Avast! Free
Antivirus 5.0.418
Final
42,864
WEEK'S BEST
DiskAnalyzer Pro [...
Wondershare Office...
WinX HD Video Conv...
Microsoft Visual S...
DirectX Redistribu...
AnyBizSoft PDF to ...
WinX DVD to iPod R...
WinUtilities [GIVE...
WinPatrol 17.1.201...
Wondershare iPod V...
EASEUS Partition M...
Advanced SystemCar...
EASEUS Data Recove...
WinX Blu-Ray Decry...
Aimersoft DVD to 3...
Returnil Virtual S...
Backup4all Pro [DI...
East-Tec Eraser 20...
VIRUSfighter 6.2.68
Platinum Guard [GI...
SPAMfighter Pro 6....
AVG Internet Secur...
novaPDF Lite [DISC...
Ad-Aware Internet ...
WINner Tweak [DISC...
Uniblue DiskRescue...
Smarty Uninstaller...
Ashampoo Magical D...
Online Armor ++ 4....
TuneUp Utilities 2...
Home > Windows > Categories > Desktop Enhancements
Desktop Enhancements
9 program(s)
Clocks & Time Management >
Icons Related >
Other Desktop Enhancements >
Screensavers >
Shell Replacements >
Themes >
SUBMIT PROGRAM | ADVERTISE | GET HELP | SEND US FEEDBACK | RSS FEEDS | ENTER NEWS SITE | ENGLISH BOARD | ROMANIAN FORUM
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Free downloading of many softwares
Nexus One at Verizon in March, at Vodafone in April
Welcome to Softpedia -
the encyclopedia of free software downloads!
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Home / Listing 713,904 items | Served 1,358,818,663 downloads
Windows Latest
137,499 programs | 8,485 news articles | 2,178 reviews
Software additions:
1/7
AcQuest 941 Solution 2010 1.00
This application will help you prepare the feder...
Focus Photoeditor 6.1.4
A powerful image editor, suitable for novice, in...
System Security Expert 2010 6.0.3
It Provides Tools And Options To Better Secure A...
Comodo Dragon 1.0.0.9
Fast and versatile Internet Browser based on Chr...
COMODO Cloud Scanner 1.0.134196.8
Will scan your system for malware and suspicious...
DATHeader 2.0.1.0
An LDraw dat file header maintenance utility
Easyway 1.00
Powerful tool, using hotkeys to display the desi...
XmlValidator 3.1.0.0
Edit XML files with this software
Dat2QP 1.1
An application that will convert LDraw files to ...
News:
1/5
Panasonic Licenses exFAT and FAT from Micro...
Microsoft has positioned exFAT as a key technology helping to drive new digital multimedia experiences for users, especially as device manufacturers create products designed to deliver mor...
[ read more >> ]
Reviews:
1/5
Combined Antivirus and Anti-Spyware Protect...
Antivirus industry has undergone massive development in the past year as new security solutions emerged on the market and new standards have been set in terms of scan speed, system resour...
[ read more >> ]
TODAY'S NEWS:
Dell Goes After Apple's iPad, Plans Tablet Family
Hardware makers most likely see the iPad's lack of Flash as an advantage in their quest to bring out products capable of offering the device a strong competition on the tablet market. Of course, App... [ more >> ]
Leaked OSes Emerge for Tour 9630, Bold 9000 and Curve 8900
Mobile phone users out there who own a BlackBerry device from Research In Motion are certainly familiar with the leaked operati... [ more >> ]
GPU Shortage to Persist Until May
Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company has definitely not been at its highest over the past months, having been constantly f... [ more >> ]
Nexus One at Verizon in March, at Vodafone in April
Nexus One by HTC, the very first mobile phone that arrived on the market with Google's Android 2.1 operating system on board, a... [ more >> ]
Kimberly Wyatt Explains Departure from Pussycat Dolls
Ex Pussycat Doll Kimberly Wyatt is featured the latest issue of a popular British men’s magazine and, besides showing off ... [ more >> ]
RIM's BlackBerry Slider Gets Detailed
Canadian mobile phone maker Research In Motion is reportedly working on a new BlackBerry handset, one that will come to the mar... [ more >> ]
NVIDIA to Reveal Fermi Specs at CeBIT
NVIDIA is finally making the final steps towards launching its very first DirectX 11-capable graphics adapters. Based on the nex... [ more >> ]
Cheryl Cole Wants Nothing from Ashley but the Dogs
Cheryl Cole is officially separated from husband of 3+ years, football star Ashley Cole, making the official announcement on Twi... [ more >> ]
Finally, Facebook Gets Rid of App Notification Spam
Facebook is about to become a much quieter place and, despite it being a social service, designed to connect people, that's act... [ more >> ]
Solar Wind Data Converted to Music
A group of experts has recently managed to conclude a new project, which revolved around turning data on solar winds into music,... [ more >> ]
ASUS Brings DirectCU EAH5000 Cards for Overclocking
ASUS has been quite active on the graphics card front recently, having created laptops based on NVIDIA's Optimus technology and ... [ more >> ]
Motorola Talks CLIQ's 1.3.18 Update
This week, mobile phone maker Motorola has released a new software update for its first Android-based mobile phone, the Motorol... [ more >> ]
Kaspersky Says Google Spreads Malware, but Trojan.JS.Redirector.ar Is a False Positive
Kaspersky products incorrectly blocked access to legitimate websites reporting that ads from Google AdSense were infected with a... [ more >> ]
Unlicensed vBulletin and IP.Board Installations in Danger [UPDATED]
A technique used to get complete listings of files and directories from illegal installations of vBulletin has been revealed on ... [ more >> ]
>> ENTER NEWS SECTION
>> View news archive
FRESH REVIEWS:
Combined Antivirus and Anti-Spyware Protection from Ashampoo
Antivirus industry has undergone massive development in the past year as new security solutions emerged on the market and new standards have been set in terms of scan speed, system resources used o... [ more >> ]
BioShock 2
Going back is never easy. There's heartache. You don't know if the old gal looks the same. You don't know who's been with her fo... [ more >> ]
How to Smartly Organize Your Work
Do you often feel there are so many things you would like to do but so little time to even think about them? Would you like to t... [ more >> ]
Relabel Your Music
When speaking of music collections, probably the first thing that comes to mind is hundreds, even thousands of MP3 or other aud... [ more >> ]
Digital Photo Scaler
No one is a complete stranger when it comes to working with images as we all took pictures with digital cameras, mobile phones o... [ more >> ]
Fast and Fun Word Translation
There are over 200 countries in the whole world and hundreds of languages and dialects. With the advancements in technology, no ... [ more >> ]
Office 2010 Generally Available in June 2010, Microsoft Confirms
The next iteration of the Office System is now approximately five months away Microsoft confirmed to Softpedia. At the start of ... [ more >> ]
Can Your Mattress Kill You?
We used to sleep on bed mattresses made of more or less natural untreated stuff. But now, they tell you that you ain't cool, man... [ more >> ]
>> MORE REVIEWS
>> View reviews archive
CHECK OUT THE NEW GLOBAL PAGES!
DOWNLOAD CATALOG :
ANTIVIRUS
Antivirus utilities
AUTHORING TOOLS
Authoring Related, Business Cards, Cover editors, Digital Album, Help & e-book creators, Screensaver Tools, Setup creators, ...
CD/DVD TOOLS
Audio CD / DVD Burning, AutoRun Builders, CD / DVD Images Utils, CD / DVD Rip / Other Tools, Data CD / DVD Burning, Virtual CD / DVD-Rom, ...
COMPRESSION TOOLS
Compression tools
DESKTOP ENHANCEMENTS
Clocks & Time Management, Icons Related, Other Desktop Enhancements, Screensavers, Shell Replacements, Themes, ...
DRIVERS
Get your latest device drivers here: Graphics Card, Network Card, Sound Card, Printers and Scanners
FILE MANAGERS
A selection of both classic (two-pane) and modern file managers, plus other file management tools
HANDHELD SOFTWARE
Windows Mobile, Symbian, Java, Blackberry, Linux, iPhone
IPOD TOOLS
Multimedia IPOD tools, Office IPOD tools, Other IPOD tools / Updates, Podcast, ...
INTERNET
Bookmark Managers, Browsers, Chat, Download Managers, E-mail, File Sharing, FTP Clients, Internet Applications Addons, Internet Radio / TV Player, News / Newsgroups / Blog Tools, ...
LINUX SOFTWARE
Various open-source and commercial software packages for Linux: Servers, Linux distributions, Database utilities
MAC SOFTWARE
Applications for Mac OS and OS X: Audio, DTP and Prepress, iPod Tools, Spotlight Plugins
MOBILE PHONE TOOLS
IPhone, Nokia, Siemens, Sony Ericsson, ...
MULTIMEDIA
Audio CD Rippers & Encoders, Audio Codecs, Audio Convertors, Audio Editors / Recorders, Audio Mixers / Synthesizers, Audio Players, Audio Plugins, Other AUDIO Tools, Tag Editors, ...
NETWORK TOOLS
Bandwidth Tools, IP Tools, Misc. Networking Tools, Network Information, Network Monitoring, Network Testing, Network Tools Suites, Network / IP Scanner, Protocol Analyzers / Sniffers, Telnet / SSH Clients, ...
OFFICE TOOLS
Clipboard, Diary / Organizers / Calendar, Fax & Telephony, Office suites, Other Office Tools, PDF, Text editors, ...
OTHERS
E-Book, File / CD / DVD Catalog, Finances & Business, Font Utils, Fun, Home & Education, Miscellaneous, Scheduling, Signatures / Updates, Unit Conversion, ...
PORTABLE SOFTWARE
Antivirus & Antispyware, Applications suites, CD / DVD Tools, Compression Tools, Education, HDD Tools, Internet, Multimedia, Network, Office, ...
PROGRAMMING
Coding languages / Compilers, Components & Libraries, Debuggers / Decompilers / Dissasemblers, File Editors, Other Programming Files, Packers / Crypters / Protectors, Patchers, SDK / DDK, ...
SCIENCE / CAD
Scientific and Computer-aided Design software
SECURITY
Decrypting & Decoding, Encrypting, Firewall, Keylogger / Monitoring, Lockdown, Password Managers & Generators, Secure cleaning, Security Related, ...
SYSTEM
Back-Up and Recovery, Benchmarks, Boot Manager / Disk, File Management, Hard Disk Utils, Launchers & Shutdown Tools, OS Enhancements, System Info, System Miscellaneous, System Plugins, ...
TWEAK
Browser Tweak, CPU Tweak, Memory Tweak, Modem Tweak, Network Tweak, Registry Tweak, System Tweak, Uninstallers, Video Tweak, ...
WEBSCRIPTS
Complete scripts, code snippets, components and so on: Content Management, Discussion Boards, Flash Components, File Management
WINDOWS WIDGETS
Alarms & Clocks, Audio Widget, Internet Radio Widgets, News, System Utilities, Video Widget, Webcams, Widget Finances & Business, Widget Games, Widget Miscellaneous, ...
7-DAY TOP DOWNLOADED ITEMS (ALL SECTIONS):
ESSENTIAL DOWNLOADS
1. Avira AntiVir Personal - Free Ant...
Freeware antivirus that provides effec...
165,769 downloads | rating 4.31/5
2. Avira Antivir Virus Definition Fi...
Download the Virus Definition File to ...
125,945 downloads | rating 4.09/5
3. Windows Live Messenger 2009 14.0....
The latest version of Windows Live Mes...
83,093 downloads | rating 4.26/5
4. Microsoft Office 2010 14.0.4536.1...
Powerful new tools to express your ide...
79,687 downloads | rating 4.10/5
5. Y! Multi Messenger 8.x and 9.x
A free and useful utility that allows ...
68,825 downloads | rating 4.15/5
6. RemoveWGA 1.2
A small utility that enables you to re...
58,518 downloads | rating 4.28/5
7. Adobe Flash Player 10.1.51.95 Bet...
A high-performance client runtime that...
46,157 downloads | rating 4.18/5
8. DVD Shrink 3.2.0.15
DVD Shrink - A FREE software to backup...
42,186 downloads | rating 3.22/5
9. Nero 7 Premium 7.11.10.0
Enables you to experience your digital...
39,319 downloads | rating 4.17/5
10. Avast! Free Antivirus 5.0.418 Final
FREE antivirus software with spyware p...
38,459 downloads | rating 4.37/5
11. AVG Free Edition 9.0 Build 730a1834
Award winning protection to meet your ...
34,254 downloads | rating 4.15/5
12. Nokia PC Suite 7.1.40.1
Free applications for Nokia phones tha...
32,666 downloads | rating 4.14/5
13. Kaspersky Anti-Virus Personal 201...
Kaspersky AV provides all types of ant...
30,964 downloads | rating 4.30/5
14. Internet Download Manager 5.18 Bu...
Schedule, resume and accelerate downlo...
30,638 downloads | rating 4.18/5
15. ESET NOD32 Antivirus 4.2.22.0 Bet...
Antivirus System that provides well ba...
30,585 downloads | rating 4.41/5
16. Uxtheme Multi-patcher 6.0
A patch that will change your uxtheme....
29,076 downloads | rating 4.20/5
17. Adobe PhotoShop CS4 11.0.1
The professional image-editing standar...
28,495 downloads | rating 4.26/5
18. Yahoo! Messenger 10.0.0.1102 Final
Instant messaging allows you to quickl...
28,239 downloads | rating 4.17/5
19. Outlook Express 6.0
Outlook Express - E-mail program that ...
26,695 downloads | rating 4.07/5
20. Nero 9 Free 9.4.12.3d
Nero offers you the chance to enjoy th...
25,855 downloads | rating 4.23/5
21. Microsoft Security Essentials 1.0...
No cost, no hassle security software f...
25,095 downloads | rating 4.10/5
22. DAEMON Tools Lite 4.35.5 (with SP...
Advanced application for multiprotecti...
24,707 downloads | rating 4.60/5
23. Kaspersky Anti-Virus Update Febru...
Sets of threat signatures and database...
21,822 downloads | rating 4.21/5
24. RealPlayer 11.1.3 Build 6.0.14.955
The all-in-one digital media player th...
21,258 downloads | rating 4.18/5
25. Windows Live Messenger 8.5.1302.1...
Connect and share instantly on the wor...
20,216 downloads | rating 4.18/5
26. iPhone and iPod Firmware
Firmware update for your iPhone or iPod
20,193 downloads | rating 4.10/5
27. Google Earth 5.1.7894.7252 Final
A free and useful program that lets yo...
20,029 downloads | rating 4.28/5
28. Adobe Reader 9.3.1 / 8.2.1
A software that lets you view and prin...
20,010 downloads | rating 4.12/5
29. Norton AntiVirus 2010 17.1.0.19
Industry-leading protection against de...
19,822 downloads | rating 4.09/5
30. StrongDC++ 2.30
A free client for sharing files in DC ...
19,778 downloads | rating 4.33/5
31. Kaspersky Virus Removal Tool 2010...
Another virus scanner and detection so...
19,162 downloads | rating 4.15/5
32. Seven Transformation Pack (former...
Bring to your desktop the look of Micr...
18,918 downloads | rating 4.26/5
33. Firefox 3.7 Alpha 1 / 3.6 / 3.5.8...
The browser provides virus, popup and ...
18,230 downloads | rating 4.50/5
34. Everest Home Edition 2.20
Everest Home Edition - a freeware syst...
18,215 downloads | rating 4.04/5
35. Autodesk 3ds Max 2010 12.0
The world's most widely used prof...
17,174 downloads | rating 4.24/5
36. Microsoft Windows Media Player 11...
The best media player (movie & music)
16,903 downloads | rating 4.29/5
37. Winamp 5 Full 5.572 Build 2830
A flexible and sophisticated applicati...
16,284 downloads | rating 4.21/5
38. Google Chrome 5.0.335.1 Dev / 4.0...
A browser that combines a minimal desi...
15,583 downloads | rating 4.43/5
39. Samsung PC Studio 7.2.24.9
Allows you to manage your Samsung mobi...
15,510 downloads | rating 3.95/5
40. Kaspersky Internet Security 2010 ...
Has everything you need for a safe and...
15,124 downloads | rating 4.21/5
41. Readon TV Movie Radio Player 6.2....
Watch and listen to thousands of TV an...
15,017 downloads | rating 4.47/5
42. Norton AntiVirus Virus Definition...
Contains the latest free virus databas...
14,968 downloads | rating 4.12/5
43. Windows XP Service Pack 3 Build 5...
Microsoft periodically combines update...
14,557 downloads | rating 4.35/5
44. Internet Explorer 8 8.0.6001.1870...
Making your web even better...Faster, ...
14,485 downloads | rating 3.93/5
45. Vista Codec Package 5.6.2
With this package installed, you shoul...
14,175 downloads | rating 4.20/5
46. DiskAnalyzer Pro [GIVEAWAY] 3.4
A hard disk space usage analyzer and m...
13,883 downloads | rating 3.92/5
47. Media Player Classic for Win2k/XP...
An enhanced version of Windows Media P...
13,836 downloads | rating 4.31/5
48. WorldUnlock Codes Calculator 4.4
A free utility for unlocking Nokia, Si...
13,726 downloads | rating 4.14/5
49. Rapidshare Auto Downloader 3.8.2
A software for automatic download of r...
13,158 downloads | rating 4.05/5
50. Adobe Acrobat Professional 9.3.1
Protect documents and accelerate infor...
12,914 downloads | rating 4.07/5
WINDOWS
DiskAnalyzer Pro [GIVEAWAY] 3.4
Wondershare Office Recovery [GIVEAWAY]...
WinX HD Video Converter Deluxe [GIVEAW...
Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 10.0.3012...
DirectX Redistributable February 2010 ...
AnyBizSoft PDF to Word Converter [GIVE...
WinX DVD to iPod Ripper [GIVEAWAY] 3.8
WinUtilities [GIVEAWAY] 9.41
WinPatrol 17.1.2010.0
Wondershare iPod Video Suite [DISCOUNT...
EASEUS Partition Master Professional 4...
Advanced SystemCare Professional 3.5.0
EASEUS Data Recovery Wizard 5.0.1
WinX Blu-Ray Decrypter [GIVEAWAY] 2.0
Aimersoft DVD to 3GP Converter [GIVEAW...
Returnil Virtual System 2010 [DISCOUNT...
Backup4all Pro [DISCOUNT] 4.4 Build 189
GAMES
Lugaru HD Demo
Pathfinders: Lost at Sea
Ice Gems 1.7.6.51
Nora Roberts: Vision In White
Escape from Lost Island
DRIVERS
Nvidia GeForce/ION Display Driver 195....
Nvidia GeForce/ION Display Driver 195....
Nec i-Select D5410 (Mini Tower) REALTE...
Nec i-Select D5410 (Mini Tower) ATI Ra...
Canon i550 Printer Driver 4.62
Canon BJC-600 Driver 3.97
Nec PowerMate CT Convertible i820 Chip...
Nec PowerMate CT Convertible i820 Chip...
LOGITECH Mouse Series SetPoint x32 4.24
LOGITECH Mouse Series SetPoint x64 4.24
MAC OS
Bean 2.4.3
Apple Aperture 3.0.1
NetNewsWire 3.2.5 Build 3263
Transmission 1.91
Dropbox 0.8.7 Dev / 0.7.110
Adobe Reader 9.3.1
Adobe Acrobat Pro 9.3.1
RAR for Mac OS X 3.92
OmniGraffle 5.2.2 RC 1 / 5.2.1
Google Chrome 5.0.335.0 Dev / 5.0.307....
Mac Pro Audio Update 1.0
Adobe Flash Player 10.1.51.95 Beta 3 /...
Deep Freeze 4.60.2200.0394
Skype 2.8.0.851
Toast Titanium 10.0.6
LINUX
Ubuntu 9.10
Ubuntu Netbook Remix 9.10
Pidgin 2.6.6
Wine 1.0.1 / 1.1.39
Linux Kernel 2.6.33
Mozilla Firefox 3.5.8 / 3.6 / 3.7 Alph...
Fedora 12
OpenOffice.org 3.2.0
Firestarter 1.0.3
The Gimp 2.6.8 / 2.7.0
WEBSCRIPTS
jQuery-PlacePicker 20100203
ASF File Explorer 1.0
Irrlicht Engine 1.7.1
Zoomer 1.7
Mango Blog 1.4.3
SUBMIT PROGRAM | ADVERTISE | GET HELP | SEND US FEEDBACK | RSS FEEDS | ENTER NEWS SITE | ENGLISH BOARD | ROMANIAN FORUM
© 2001 - 2010 Softpedia. All rights reserved.
Softpedia® and the Softpedia® logo are registered trademarks of SoftNews NET SRL. Copyright Information | Privacy Policy | Terms of Use | Update your software | Archive
Welcome to Softpedia -
the encyclopedia of free software downloads!
LATEST ADDITIONS:
Windows
Games
Drivers
Mac
Linux
Scripts
Mobile
Handheld
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137,499 programs | 8,485 news articles | 2,178 reviews
Software additions:
1/7
AcQuest 941 Solution 2010 1.00
This application will help you prepare the feder...
Focus Photoeditor 6.1.4
A powerful image editor, suitable for novice, in...
System Security Expert 2010 6.0.3
It Provides Tools And Options To Better Secure A...
Comodo Dragon 1.0.0.9
Fast and versatile Internet Browser based on Chr...
COMODO Cloud Scanner 1.0.134196.8
Will scan your system for malware and suspicious...
DATHeader 2.0.1.0
An LDraw dat file header maintenance utility
Easyway 1.00
Powerful tool, using hotkeys to display the desi...
XmlValidator 3.1.0.0
Edit XML files with this software
Dat2QP 1.1
An application that will convert LDraw files to ...
News:
1/5
Panasonic Licenses exFAT and FAT from Micro...
Microsoft has positioned exFAT as a key technology helping to drive new digital multimedia experiences for users, especially as device manufacturers create products designed to deliver mor...
[ read more >> ]
Reviews:
1/5
Combined Antivirus and Anti-Spyware Protect...
Antivirus industry has undergone massive development in the past year as new security solutions emerged on the market and new standards have been set in terms of scan speed, system resour...
[ read more >> ]
TODAY'S NEWS:
Dell Goes After Apple's iPad, Plans Tablet Family
Hardware makers most likely see the iPad's lack of Flash as an advantage in their quest to bring out products capable of offering the device a strong competition on the tablet market. Of course, App... [ more >> ]
Leaked OSes Emerge for Tour 9630, Bold 9000 and Curve 8900
Mobile phone users out there who own a BlackBerry device from Research In Motion are certainly familiar with the leaked operati... [ more >> ]
GPU Shortage to Persist Until May
Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company has definitely not been at its highest over the past months, having been constantly f... [ more >> ]
Nexus One at Verizon in March, at Vodafone in April
Nexus One by HTC, the very first mobile phone that arrived on the market with Google's Android 2.1 operating system on board, a... [ more >> ]
Kimberly Wyatt Explains Departure from Pussycat Dolls
Ex Pussycat Doll Kimberly Wyatt is featured the latest issue of a popular British men’s magazine and, besides showing off ... [ more >> ]
RIM's BlackBerry Slider Gets Detailed
Canadian mobile phone maker Research In Motion is reportedly working on a new BlackBerry handset, one that will come to the mar... [ more >> ]
NVIDIA to Reveal Fermi Specs at CeBIT
NVIDIA is finally making the final steps towards launching its very first DirectX 11-capable graphics adapters. Based on the nex... [ more >> ]
Cheryl Cole Wants Nothing from Ashley but the Dogs
Cheryl Cole is officially separated from husband of 3+ years, football star Ashley Cole, making the official announcement on Twi... [ more >> ]
Finally, Facebook Gets Rid of App Notification Spam
Facebook is about to become a much quieter place and, despite it being a social service, designed to connect people, that's act... [ more >> ]
Solar Wind Data Converted to Music
A group of experts has recently managed to conclude a new project, which revolved around turning data on solar winds into music,... [ more >> ]
ASUS Brings DirectCU EAH5000 Cards for Overclocking
ASUS has been quite active on the graphics card front recently, having created laptops based on NVIDIA's Optimus technology and ... [ more >> ]
Motorola Talks CLIQ's 1.3.18 Update
This week, mobile phone maker Motorola has released a new software update for its first Android-based mobile phone, the Motorol... [ more >> ]
Kaspersky Says Google Spreads Malware, but Trojan.JS.Redirector.ar Is a False Positive
Kaspersky products incorrectly blocked access to legitimate websites reporting that ads from Google AdSense were infected with a... [ more >> ]
Unlicensed vBulletin and IP.Board Installations in Danger [UPDATED]
A technique used to get complete listings of files and directories from illegal installations of vBulletin has been revealed on ... [ more >> ]
>> ENTER NEWS SECTION
>> View news archive
FRESH REVIEWS:
Combined Antivirus and Anti-Spyware Protection from Ashampoo
Antivirus industry has undergone massive development in the past year as new security solutions emerged on the market and new standards have been set in terms of scan speed, system resources used o... [ more >> ]
BioShock 2
Going back is never easy. There's heartache. You don't know if the old gal looks the same. You don't know who's been with her fo... [ more >> ]
How to Smartly Organize Your Work
Do you often feel there are so many things you would like to do but so little time to even think about them? Would you like to t... [ more >> ]
Relabel Your Music
When speaking of music collections, probably the first thing that comes to mind is hundreds, even thousands of MP3 or other aud... [ more >> ]
Digital Photo Scaler
No one is a complete stranger when it comes to working with images as we all took pictures with digital cameras, mobile phones o... [ more >> ]
Fast and Fun Word Translation
There are over 200 countries in the whole world and hundreds of languages and dialects. With the advancements in technology, no ... [ more >> ]
Office 2010 Generally Available in June 2010, Microsoft Confirms
The next iteration of the Office System is now approximately five months away Microsoft confirmed to Softpedia. At the start of ... [ more >> ]
Can Your Mattress Kill You?
We used to sleep on bed mattresses made of more or less natural untreated stuff. But now, they tell you that you ain't cool, man... [ more >> ]
>> MORE REVIEWS
>> View reviews archive
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Compression tools
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DRIVERS
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Multimedia IPOD tools, Office IPOD tools, Other IPOD tools / Updates, Podcast, ...
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LINUX SOFTWARE
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MAC SOFTWARE
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SYSTEM
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TWEAK
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7-DAY TOP DOWNLOADED ITEMS (ALL SECTIONS):
ESSENTIAL DOWNLOADS
1. Avira AntiVir Personal - Free Ant...
Freeware antivirus that provides effec...
165,769 downloads | rating 4.31/5
2. Avira Antivir Virus Definition Fi...
Download the Virus Definition File to ...
125,945 downloads | rating 4.09/5
3. Windows Live Messenger 2009 14.0....
The latest version of Windows Live Mes...
83,093 downloads | rating 4.26/5
4. Microsoft Office 2010 14.0.4536.1...
Powerful new tools to express your ide...
79,687 downloads | rating 4.10/5
5. Y! Multi Messenger 8.x and 9.x
A free and useful utility that allows ...
68,825 downloads | rating 4.15/5
6. RemoveWGA 1.2
A small utility that enables you to re...
58,518 downloads | rating 4.28/5
7. Adobe Flash Player 10.1.51.95 Bet...
A high-performance client runtime that...
46,157 downloads | rating 4.18/5
8. DVD Shrink 3.2.0.15
DVD Shrink - A FREE software to backup...
42,186 downloads | rating 3.22/5
9. Nero 7 Premium 7.11.10.0
Enables you to experience your digital...
39,319 downloads | rating 4.17/5
10. Avast! Free Antivirus 5.0.418 Final
FREE antivirus software with spyware p...
38,459 downloads | rating 4.37/5
11. AVG Free Edition 9.0 Build 730a1834
Award winning protection to meet your ...
34,254 downloads | rating 4.15/5
12. Nokia PC Suite 7.1.40.1
Free applications for Nokia phones tha...
32,666 downloads | rating 4.14/5
13. Kaspersky Anti-Virus Personal 201...
Kaspersky AV provides all types of ant...
30,964 downloads | rating 4.30/5
14. Internet Download Manager 5.18 Bu...
Schedule, resume and accelerate downlo...
30,638 downloads | rating 4.18/5
15. ESET NOD32 Antivirus 4.2.22.0 Bet...
Antivirus System that provides well ba...
30,585 downloads | rating 4.41/5
16. Uxtheme Multi-patcher 6.0
A patch that will change your uxtheme....
29,076 downloads | rating 4.20/5
17. Adobe PhotoShop CS4 11.0.1
The professional image-editing standar...
28,495 downloads | rating 4.26/5
18. Yahoo! Messenger 10.0.0.1102 Final
Instant messaging allows you to quickl...
28,239 downloads | rating 4.17/5
19. Outlook Express 6.0
Outlook Express - E-mail program that ...
26,695 downloads | rating 4.07/5
20. Nero 9 Free 9.4.12.3d
Nero offers you the chance to enjoy th...
25,855 downloads | rating 4.23/5
21. Microsoft Security Essentials 1.0...
No cost, no hassle security software f...
25,095 downloads | rating 4.10/5
22. DAEMON Tools Lite 4.35.5 (with SP...
Advanced application for multiprotecti...
24,707 downloads | rating 4.60/5
23. Kaspersky Anti-Virus Update Febru...
Sets of threat signatures and database...
21,822 downloads | rating 4.21/5
24. RealPlayer 11.1.3 Build 6.0.14.955
The all-in-one digital media player th...
21,258 downloads | rating 4.18/5
25. Windows Live Messenger 8.5.1302.1...
Connect and share instantly on the wor...
20,216 downloads | rating 4.18/5
26. iPhone and iPod Firmware
Firmware update for your iPhone or iPod
20,193 downloads | rating 4.10/5
27. Google Earth 5.1.7894.7252 Final
A free and useful program that lets yo...
20,029 downloads | rating 4.28/5
28. Adobe Reader 9.3.1 / 8.2.1
A software that lets you view and prin...
20,010 downloads | rating 4.12/5
29. Norton AntiVirus 2010 17.1.0.19
Industry-leading protection against de...
19,822 downloads | rating 4.09/5
30. StrongDC++ 2.30
A free client for sharing files in DC ...
19,778 downloads | rating 4.33/5
31. Kaspersky Virus Removal Tool 2010...
Another virus scanner and detection so...
19,162 downloads | rating 4.15/5
32. Seven Transformation Pack (former...
Bring to your desktop the look of Micr...
18,918 downloads | rating 4.26/5
33. Firefox 3.7 Alpha 1 / 3.6 / 3.5.8...
The browser provides virus, popup and ...
18,230 downloads | rating 4.50/5
34. Everest Home Edition 2.20
Everest Home Edition - a freeware syst...
18,215 downloads | rating 4.04/5
35. Autodesk 3ds Max 2010 12.0
The world's most widely used prof...
17,174 downloads | rating 4.24/5
36. Microsoft Windows Media Player 11...
The best media player (movie & music)
16,903 downloads | rating 4.29/5
37. Winamp 5 Full 5.572 Build 2830
A flexible and sophisticated applicati...
16,284 downloads | rating 4.21/5
38. Google Chrome 5.0.335.1 Dev / 4.0...
A browser that combines a minimal desi...
15,583 downloads | rating 4.43/5
39. Samsung PC Studio 7.2.24.9
Allows you to manage your Samsung mobi...
15,510 downloads | rating 3.95/5
40. Kaspersky Internet Security 2010 ...
Has everything you need for a safe and...
15,124 downloads | rating 4.21/5
41. Readon TV Movie Radio Player 6.2....
Watch and listen to thousands of TV an...
15,017 downloads | rating 4.47/5
42. Norton AntiVirus Virus Definition...
Contains the latest free virus databas...
14,968 downloads | rating 4.12/5
43. Windows XP Service Pack 3 Build 5...
Microsoft periodically combines update...
14,557 downloads | rating 4.35/5
44. Internet Explorer 8 8.0.6001.1870...
Making your web even better...Faster, ...
14,485 downloads | rating 3.93/5
45. Vista Codec Package 5.6.2
With this package installed, you shoul...
14,175 downloads | rating 4.20/5
46. DiskAnalyzer Pro [GIVEAWAY] 3.4
A hard disk space usage analyzer and m...
13,883 downloads | rating 3.92/5
47. Media Player Classic for Win2k/XP...
An enhanced version of Windows Media P...
13,836 downloads | rating 4.31/5
48. WorldUnlock Codes Calculator 4.4
A free utility for unlocking Nokia, Si...
13,726 downloads | rating 4.14/5
49. Rapidshare Auto Downloader 3.8.2
A software for automatic download of r...
13,158 downloads | rating 4.05/5
50. Adobe Acrobat Professional 9.3.1
Protect documents and accelerate infor...
12,914 downloads | rating 4.07/5
WINDOWS
DiskAnalyzer Pro [GIVEAWAY] 3.4
Wondershare Office Recovery [GIVEAWAY]...
WinX HD Video Converter Deluxe [GIVEAW...
Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 10.0.3012...
DirectX Redistributable February 2010 ...
AnyBizSoft PDF to Word Converter [GIVE...
WinX DVD to iPod Ripper [GIVEAWAY] 3.8
WinUtilities [GIVEAWAY] 9.41
WinPatrol 17.1.2010.0
Wondershare iPod Video Suite [DISCOUNT...
EASEUS Partition Master Professional 4...
Advanced SystemCare Professional 3.5.0
EASEUS Data Recovery Wizard 5.0.1
WinX Blu-Ray Decrypter [GIVEAWAY] 2.0
Aimersoft DVD to 3GP Converter [GIVEAW...
Returnil Virtual System 2010 [DISCOUNT...
Backup4all Pro [DISCOUNT] 4.4 Build 189
GAMES
Lugaru HD Demo
Pathfinders: Lost at Sea
Ice Gems 1.7.6.51
Nora Roberts: Vision In White
Escape from Lost Island
DRIVERS
Nvidia GeForce/ION Display Driver 195....
Nvidia GeForce/ION Display Driver 195....
Nec i-Select D5410 (Mini Tower) REALTE...
Nec i-Select D5410 (Mini Tower) ATI Ra...
Canon i550 Printer Driver 4.62
Canon BJC-600 Driver 3.97
Nec PowerMate CT Convertible i820 Chip...
Nec PowerMate CT Convertible i820 Chip...
LOGITECH Mouse Series SetPoint x32 4.24
LOGITECH Mouse Series SetPoint x64 4.24
MAC OS
Bean 2.4.3
Apple Aperture 3.0.1
NetNewsWire 3.2.5 Build 3263
Transmission 1.91
Dropbox 0.8.7 Dev / 0.7.110
Adobe Reader 9.3.1
Adobe Acrobat Pro 9.3.1
RAR for Mac OS X 3.92
OmniGraffle 5.2.2 RC 1 / 5.2.1
Google Chrome 5.0.335.0 Dev / 5.0.307....
Mac Pro Audio Update 1.0
Adobe Flash Player 10.1.51.95 Beta 3 /...
Deep Freeze 4.60.2200.0394
Skype 2.8.0.851
Toast Titanium 10.0.6
LINUX
Ubuntu 9.10
Ubuntu Netbook Remix 9.10
Pidgin 2.6.6
Wine 1.0.1 / 1.1.39
Linux Kernel 2.6.33
Mozilla Firefox 3.5.8 / 3.6 / 3.7 Alph...
Fedora 12
OpenOffice.org 3.2.0
Firestarter 1.0.3
The Gimp 2.6.8 / 2.7.0
WEBSCRIPTS
jQuery-PlacePicker 20100203
ASF File Explorer 1.0
Irrlicht Engine 1.7.1
Zoomer 1.7
Mango Blog 1.4.3
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February 27, 2010
A New El Niño
Modoki—Japanese for “similar but different”— is shaking up the world’s weather.
Antarctic Diary
Why did an ice shelf the size of Rhode Island collapse in Antarctica?
The War Over Wolves
Editor Chris Johns examines the complex relationship between humans and canines.
Features
Killer Plants
They lure unsuspecting insects into death traps, then gorge on their flesh.
Small Town Nukes
A mini-reactor could offer cheap power to thousands of homes.
Shanghai Reborn
The megacity tries to juggle its storied past and its plans for future glory.
Interactives
Peru's Puzzling Lines
The ancient Nasca lines of Peru shed their secrets.
One Cubic Foot
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The Bionic Body
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Visions of Earth
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Redwood Portrait
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Within One Cubic Foot
With a green metal-framed cube, photographer David Liittschwager surveys biodiversity.
Congo Chimps
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National Geographic Society
P.O. Box 98199
Washington, DC 20090-8199
800-647-5463 Lat/Lon: 38.90531943278526, -77.0376992225647 Inspiring people to care about the planet since 1888Learn More »
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Explore an unparalleled treasury of iconic images and groundbreaking photography in a new interactive photo gallery, historical time line, and video.
Most Popular Photo Galleries
Island Aerials
See images of sparkling seas, blue skies, and sugar-white beaches.
Photo Camp: Costa Rica
Students showcase how they make environmental change.
Photo of the Day
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New in Travel & Cultures
50 Revamped City Guides
Based on Traveler magazine’s Places of a Lifetime series, National Geographic’s Ultimate City Guides give you everything you need to plan your next city vacation.
Top 10
Travel Top 10
Looking for adventure? Or in the mood for great scenery? Find exactly what you’re looking for in our collection of “ten best” travel lists.
Photo Gallery: Top 10
Enjoy the photos from our collection of “ten best” travel lists.
National Parks
Joshua Tree Guide
Glacier Photos
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Country Guides
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Osama bin Laden
Osama bin Laden
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Osama" redirects here. For other uses, see Usama (name).
"bin Laden" redirects here. For other uses, see bin Laden (disambiguation).
Usāmah bin Muḥammad bin `Awaḍ bin Lādin
(Arabic: أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن)
Born March 10, 1957 (age 52)
Osama bin Laden on an al-Qaeda propaganda poster
Place of birth Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Allegiance Al-Qaeda
Battles/wars Soviet war in Afghanistan
War on Terrorism:
War in Afghanistan
War in North-West Pakistan
Wikinews has related news: Decade worth of messages, interviews from bin Laden leaked to web
Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden (with numerous variations; Arabic: أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن, Usāmah bin Muḥammad bin ‘Awaḍ bin Lādin; born March 10, 1957) is a member of the prominent Saudi bin Laden family and the founding leader of the terrorist organization al-Qaeda, best known for the September 11 attacks on the United States and numerous other mass-casualty attacks against civilian targets. Bin Laden is on the American Federal Bureau of Investigation's list of FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives.[1]
Since 2001, Osama bin Laden and his organization have been major targets of the United States' War on Terrorism. Bin Laden and fellow Al-Qaeda leaders are believed to be hiding near the border of Afghanistan and Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas.
Contents [hide]
1 Variations of bin Laden's name
2 Childhood, education and personal life
3 Beliefs and ideology
4 Militant activity
4.1 Mujahideen in Afghanistan
4.2 Formation and structuring of Al-Qaeda
4.3 Sudan
4.4 Early attacks and aid for attacks
4.5 Balkan wars
4.6 September 11, 2001 attacks
5 Criminal charges
6 Attempted capture by the United States
6.1 Clinton Administration
6.2 Bush Administration
6.3 Obama Administration
7 Conflicting reports of his death and his survival since 9/11
7.1 Reports of his death
7.2 Reports of his current whereabouts
8 Criticism
9 See also
10 Footnotes
11 References
12 External links
Variations of bin Laden's name
There is not a universally accepted standard in the West for transliterating Arabic words and names into English, so bin Laden's name is spelled in many different ways. The version translation most often used by English-language mass media is Osama bin Laden. Most American government agencies, including the FBI and CIA, use either "Usama bin Laden" or "Usama bin Ladin", both of which are often abbreviated to UBL. Less common renderings include "Ussamah Bin Ladin" and "Oussama Ben Laden" (French-language mass media). The last two words of the name can also be found as "Binladen" or (as used by his family in the West) "Binladin". The spelling with 'o' and 'e' comes from a Persian-influenced pronunciation used in Afghanistan where he was for a long time.
Strictly speaking, Arabic linguistic conventions dictate that he be referred to as "Osama" or "Osama bin Laden", not "bin Laden," as "Bin Laden" is not used as a surname in the Western manner, but simply as part of his name, which in its long form means "Osama, son of Mohammed, son of 'Awad, son of Laden". Still, "bin Laden" has become nearly universal in Western references to him.
Bin Laden's admirers commonly use several aliases and nicknames, including the Prince, the Sheikh, Al-Amir, Abu Abdallah, Sheikh Al-Mujahid, the Lion Sheik,[2] the Director.[3]
Childhood, education and personal life
Main article: Childhood, education and personal life of Osama bin Laden
See also: Bin Laden family
Osama bin Laden was born in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.[4] In a 1998 interview, he gave his birth date as March 10, 1957.[5] His father Muhammed Awad bin Laden was a wealthy businessman with close ties to the Saudi royal family.[6] Osama bin Laden was born the only son of Muhammed bin Laden's tenth wife, Hamida al-Attas.[7] Osama's parents divorced soon after he was born; Osama's mother then married Muhammad al-Attas. The couple had four children, and Osama lived in the new household with three half-brothers and one half-sister.[7]
Bin Laden was raised as a devout Wahhabi Muslim.[8] From 1968 to 1976 he attended the "élite" secular Al-Thager Model School.[9] Bin Laden studied economics and business administration[10] at King Abdulaziz University. Some reports suggest bin Laden earned a degree in civil engineering in 1979,[11] or a degree in public administration in 1981.[12] Other sources describe him as having left university during his third year,[13] never completing a college degree, though "hard working."[14] At university, bin Laden's main interest was religion, where he was involved in both "interpreting the Quran and jihad" and charitable work.[15] He also writes poetry.[16]
In 1974, at the age of 17, bin Laden married his first wife Najwa Ghanem at Latakia.[17] According to CNN national security correspondent David Ensore, as of 2002 bin Laden had married four women and fathered roughly 25 or 26 children.[18] Other sources report that he has fathered anywhere from 12 to 24 children.[19]
Beliefs and ideology
Main article: Beliefs and ideology of Osama bin Laden
Bin Laden believes that the restoration of Sharia law will set things right in the Muslim world, and that all other ideologies—"pan-Arabism, socialism, communism, democracy"—must be opposed.[20] These beliefs, along with violent expansive jihad, have sometimes been called Qutbism.[21] He believes Afghanistan under the rule of Mullah Omar's Taliban was "the only Islamic country" in the Muslim world.[22] Bin Laden has consistently dwelt on the need for violent jihad to right what he believes are injustices against Muslims perpetrated by the United States and sometimes by other non-Muslim states,[23] the need to eliminate the state of Israel, and the necessity of forcing the US to withdraw from the Middle East. He has also called on Americans to "reject the immoral acts of fornication (and) homosexuality, intoxicants, gambling, and usury," in an October 2002 letter.[24]
Probably the most infamous part of Bin Laden's ideology is that civilians, including women and children, are legitimate targets of jihad.[25][26] Bin Laden is antisemitic, and has delivered warnings against alleged Jewish conspiracies: "These Jews are masters of usury and leaders in treachery. They will leave you nothing, either in this world or the next."[27] Shia Muslims have been listed along with "Heretics,... America and Israel," as the four principal "enemies of Islam" at ideology classes of bin Laden's Al-Qaeda organization.[28]
In keeping with Wahhabi beliefs,[29] bin Laden opposes music on religious grounds,[30] and his attitude towards technology is mixed. He is interested in "earth-moving machinery and genetic engineering of plants" on the one hand, but rejects "chilled water" on the other.[31]
His viewpoints and methods of achieving them have led to him been designated as a "terrorist" by scholars,[32][33] journalists from the New York Times,[34][35] the British Broadcasting Corporation,[36] and Qatari news station Al Jazeera,[37] analysts such as Peter Bergen,[38] Michael Scheuer,[39] Marc Sageman,[40] and Bruce Hoffman[41][42] and he was indicted on terrorism charges by law enforcement agencies in Madrid, New York City, and Tripoli.[43]
Militant activity
Main article: Militant activity of Osama bin Laden
Mujahideen in Afghanistan
Bin Laden with Pakistani journalist Hamid Mir in 1997
After leaving college in 1979 bin Laden joined Abdullah Azzam to fight the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan[44] and lived for a time in Peshawar.[45]
By 1984, with Azzam, bin Laden established Maktab al-Khadamat, which funneled money, arms and Muslim fighters from around the Arabic world into the Afghan war. Through al-Khadamat, bin Laden's inherited family fortune[46] paid for air tickets and accommodation, dealt with paperwork with Pakistani authorities and provided other such services for the jihad fighters. Osama established a camp in Afghanistan, and with other volunteers fought the Soviets.
Following the withdrawal of Soviet troups from Afghanistan, bin Laden moved to Peshawar in 1994.[citation needed] It was during his time in Peshawar that he began wearing camouflage-print jackets and carrying a captured Soviet assault rifle, which urban legends claimed he had obtained by killing a Russian soldier with his bare hands.[47]
Formation and structuring of Al-Qaeda
Main article: Al-Qaeda
By 1988, bin Laden had split from Maktab al-Khidamat. While Azzam acted as support for Afghan fighters, bin Laden wanted a more military role. One of the main points leading to the split and the creation of al-Qaeda was Azzam's insistence that Arab fighters be integrated among the Afghan fighting groups instead of forming a separate fighting force.[48]
Following the Soviet Union's withdrawal from Afghanistan in February 1989, Osama bin Laden returned to Saudi Arabia in 1990 as a hero of jihad, who along with his Arab legion, "had brought down the mighty superpower" of the Soviet Union.[49] The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait on August 2, 1990 had put the kingdom and its ruling House of Saud at risk. The world's most valuable oil fields were within easy striking distance of Iraqi forces in Kuwait, and Saddam's call to pan-Arab/Islamism could potentially rally internal dissent. bin Laden met with King Fahd, and Sultan, Minister of Defence of Saudi Arabia, telling them not to depend on non-Muslim troops, and offered to help defend Saudi Arabia with his mujahideen fighters. Bin Laden's offer was rebuffed, and after the American offer to help repel Iraq from Kuwait was accepted, involving deploying U.S. troops in Saudi territory[50], he publicly denounced Saudi Arabia's dependence on the U.S. military, as he believed the presence of foreign troops in the "land of the two mosques" (Mecca and Medina) profaned sacred soil. Bin Laden's criticism of the Saudi monarchy led that government to attempt to silence him.
Shortly after Saudi Arabia permitted U.S. troops on Saudi soil, bin Laden turned his attention to attacks on the west. On November 8, 1990, the FBI raided the New Jersey home of El Sayyid Nosair, an associate of al Qaeda operative Ali Mohamed, discovering a great deal of evidence of terrorist plots, including plans to blow up New York City skyscrapers, marking the earliest uncovering of al Qaeda plans for such activities outside of Muslim countries.[51] Nosair was eventually convicted in connection to the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, and for the murder of Rabbi Meir Kahane on November 5, 1990.
Bin Laden continued to speak publicly against the Saudi government for harboring American troops, for which the Saudis banished him. He went to live in exile in Sudan, in 1992, in a deal brokered by al Qaeda operative Ali Mohamed[52].
Sudan
In Sudan, bin Laden established a new base for mujahideen operations, in Khartoum.
bin Laden continued his verbal assault on King Fahd of Saudi Arabia, and in response, on March 5, 1994, Fahd sent an emissary to Sudan demanding bin Laden's passport. His family was persuaded to cut off his monthly stipend, the equivalent of $7 million a year.[53] By now bin Laden was strongly associated with Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ), which made up the core of al-Qaeda. In 1995 the EIJ attempted to assassinate Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. The attempt failed, and the EIJ was expelled from Sudan.
Sudan also began efforts to expel bin Laden. The 9/11 Commission Report states:
"In late 1995, when Bin Laden was still in Sudan, the State Department and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) learned that Sudanese officials were discussing with the Saudi government the possibility of expelling Bin Laden. CIA paramilitary officer Billy Waugh tracked down bin Ladin in the Sudan and prepared an operation to apprehend him, but was denied authorization.[54] US Ambassador Timothy Carney encouraged the Sudanese to pursue this course. The Saudis, however, did not want Bin Laden, giving as their reason their revocation of his citizenship. Sudan’s minister of defense, Fatih Erwa, has claimed that Sudan offered to hand Bin Laden over to the United States. The Commission has found no credible evidence that this was so. Ambassador Carney had instructions only to push the Sudanese to expel Bin Laden. Ambassador Carney had no legal basis to ask for more from the Sudanese since, at the time, there was no indictment outstanding."[55]
The 9/11 Commission Report further states:
"In February 1996, Sudanese officials began approaching officials from the United States and other governments, asking what actions of theirs might ease foreign pressure. In secret meetings with Saudi officials, Sudan offered to expel bin Laden to Saudi Arabia and asked the Saudis to pardon him. US officials became aware of these secret discussions, certainly by March. Saudi officials apparently wanted bin Laden expelled from Sudan. They had already revoked his citizenship, however, and would not tolerate his presence in their country. Also bin Laden may have no longer felt safe in Sudan, where he had already escaped at least one assassination attempt that he believed to have been the work of the Egyptian or Saudi regimes, or both."
In May 1996, under increasing pressure on Sudan, from Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and the United States, bin Laden returned to Jalalabad, Afghanistan aboard a chartered jet, and there forged a close relationship with Mullah Mohammed Omar.[56][57] When Bin Laden left Sudan, he and his organization were significantly weakened, despite his ambitions and organizational skills.[58] In Afghanistan, bin Laden and Al-Qaeda raised money from "donors from the days of the Soviet jihad", and from the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI).[59]
Early attacks and aid for attacks
It is believed that the first bombing attack involving bin Laden was the December 29, 1992 bombing of the Gold Mihor Hotel in Aden in which two people were killed.[60]
It was after this bombing that al-Qaeda was reported to have developed its justification for the killing of innocent people. According to a fatwa issued by Mamdouh Mahmud Salim, the killing of someone standing near the enemy is justified because any innocent bystander will find their proper reward in death, going to Paradise if they were good Muslims and to hell if they were bad or non-believers.[61] The fatwa was issued to al-Qaeda members but not the general public.
In the 1990s bin Laden's al-Qaeda assisted jihadis financially and sometimes militarily in Algeria, Egypt and Afghanistan. In 1992 or 1993 bin Laden sent an emissary, Qari el-Said, with $40,000 to Algeria to aid the Islamists and urge war rather than negotiation with the government. Their advice was heeded but the war that followed killed 150,000–200,000 Algerians and ended with Islamist surrender to the government.
In 2009 the American law professor Ken Gromley revealed in his book "The Death of American Virtue" [62], to be released in February 2010, that the US President Clinton escaped from being assassinated in the Philippines by terrorists "controlled by Osama bin Laden" in 1996 [63].
Another effort by bin Laden was the funding of the Luxor massacre of November 17, 1997,[64][65][66] which killed 62 civilians, but so revolted the Egyptian public that it turned against Islamist terror. In mid-1997, the Northern Alliance threatened to overrun Jalalabad, causing Bin Laden to abandon his Nazim Jihad compound and move his operations to Tarnak Farms in the south.[67]
A later effort that did succeed was an attack on the city of Mazar-e-Sharif in Afghanistan. Bin Laden helped cement his alliance with his hosts the Taliban by sending several hundred of his Afghan Arab fighters along to help the Taliban kill between five and six thousand Hazaras overrunning the city.[68]
In 1998, Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri co-signed a fatwa in the name of the World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders which declared the killing of North Americans and their allies an "individual duty for every Muslim" to "liberate the al-Aqsa Mosque (in Jerusalem) and the holy mosque (in Mecca) from their grip".[69][70] At the public announcement of the fatwa bin Laden announced that North Americans are "very easy targets." He told the attending journalists, "You will see the results of this in a very short time."[71]
At the end of 2000, Richard Clarke revealed that Islamic militants headed by bin Laden had planned a triple attack on January 3, 2000 which would have included bombings in Jordan of the Radisson SAS Hotel in Amman and tourists at Mount Nebo and a site on the Jordan River, the sinking of the destroyer USS The Sullivans in Yemen, as well as an attack on a target within the United States. The plan was foiled by the arrest of the Jordanian terrorist cell, the sinking of the explosive-filled skiff intended to target the destroyer, and the arrest of Ahmed Ressam.[72]
Balkan wars
See also: Bosnian mujahideen
A former U.S. State Department official in October 2001 described Bosnia and Herzegovina as a safe haven for terrorists, after it was revealed that militant elements of the former Sarajevo government were protecting extremists, some with ties to Osama bin Laden.[73] In 1997, Rzeczpospolita, one of the largest Polish daily newspapers, reported that intelligence services of the Nordic-Polish SFOR Brigade suspected that a center for training terrorists from Islamic countries was located in the Bocina Donja village near Maglaj in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 1992, hundreds of volunteers joined an "all-mujahedeen unit" called El Moujahed in an abandoned hillside factory, a compound with a hospital and prayer hall. According to Middle East intelligence reports, bin Laden financed small convoys of recruits from the Arab world through his businesses in Sudan. Among them was Karim Said Atmani who was identified by authorities as the document forger for a group of Algerians accused of plotting the bombings in the USA.[74] He is a former roommate of Ahmed Ressam, the man arrested at the Canadian-U.S. border in mid-December 1999 with a car full of nitroglycerin and bomb-making materials.[75][76] He was convicted of colluding with Osama bin Laden by a French court.[77]
A Bosnian government search of passport and residency records, conducted at the urging of the United States, revealed other former mujahideen who are linked to the same Algerian group or to other groups of suspected terrorists who have lived in this area 60 miles (97 km) north of Sarajevo, the capital, in the past few years. Khalil al-Deek, was arrested in Jordan in late December 1999 on suspicion of involvement in a plot to blow up tourist sites; a second man with Bosnian citizenship, Hamid Aich, lived in Canada at the same time as Atmani and worked for a charity associated with Osama Bin Laden. In its June 26, 1997 Report on the bombing of the Al Khobar building in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, the New York Times noted that those arrested confessed to serving with Bosnian Muslims forces. Further, the captured men also admitted to ties with Osama bin Laden.[78][79][80]
In 1999 it was revealed that Osama bin Laden and his Tunisian assistant Mehrez Aodouni were granted citizenship and Bosnian passports in 1993 by the Government in Sarajevo. This information was denied by the Bosnian government following the 9/11 attacks, but it was later found that Aodouni was arrested in Turkey and that at that time he possessed the Bosnian passport. Following this revelation, a new explanation was given that bin Laden "did not personally collect his Bosnian passport" and that officials at the Bosnian embassy in Vienna, which issued the passport, could not have known who bin Laden was at the time.[78][81][82] The Bosnian daily Oslobođenje published in 2001 that three men, believed linked to be linked to Osama Bin Laden, were arrested in Sarajevo in July 2001. The three, one of whom was identified as Imad El Misri, were Egyptian nationals. The paper said that two of the suspects were holding Bosnian passports.[78]
In 1998 it was reported that bin Laden was operating his Al Qaeda network out of Albania. The Charleston Gazette quoted Fatos Klosi, the head of the Albanian intelligence service, as saying a network run by Saudi exile Osama bin Laden sent units to fight in the Serbian province of Kosovo. Confirmation of these activities came from Claude Kader, a French national who said he was a member of bin Laden's Albanian network.
By 1998 four members of Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ) were arrested in Albania, and extradited to Egypt at the urging of the CIA. It is believed that the 1998 bombing of US embassies in Africa occurred as retaliation for these arrests.[83]
September 11, 2001 attacks
See also: September 11 attacks
"Allah knows it did not cross our minds to attack the towers but after the situation became unbearable and we witnessed the injustice and tyranny of the American-Israeli alliance against our people in Palestine and Lebanon, I thought about it. And the events that affected me directly were that of 1982 and the events that followed -- when America allowed the Israelis to invade Lebanon, helped by the U.S. Sixth Fleet. As I watched the destroyed towers in Lebanon, it occurred to me punish the unjust the same way (and) to destroy towers in America so it could taste some of what we are tasting and to stop killing our children and women."
– Osama bin Laden[84]
See also: Videos of Osama bin Laden
After initial denial, in 2004 Osama bin Laden claimed responsibility for the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States.[85][86][87] The attacks involved the hijacking of four commercial passenger aircraft,[88] the subsequent destruction of those planes and the World Trade Center in New York City, New York, severe damage to The Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia[89], and the deaths of 2,974 people and the nineteen hijackers.[90] In response to the attacks, the United States launched a War on Terrorism to depose the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and capture al-Qaeda operatives, and several countries strengthened their anti-terrorism legislation to preclude future attacks. The CIA's Special Activities Division was given the lead in tracking down and killing or capturing bin Laden.[91]
The Federal Bureau of Investigation has stated that classified[92] evidence linking Al-Qaeda and bin Laden to the attacks of September 11 is clear and irrefutable.[93] The Government of the United Kingdom reached a similar conclusion regarding Al Qaeda and Osama bin Laden's culpability for the September 11, 2001, attacks attacks although the government report notes that the evidence presented is insufficient for a prosecutable case.[94] Bin Laden initially denied involvement in the attacks. On September 16, 2001, bin Laden read a statement later broadcast by Qatar's Al Jazeera satellite channel denying responsibility for the attack.[95]
In a videotape recovered by US forces in November 2001 in Jalalabad, bin Laden was seen discussing the attack with Khaled al-Harbi in a way that indicates foreknowledge.[96] The tape was broadcast on various news networks on December 13, 2001. The merits of this translation have been disputed. Arabist Dr. Abdel El M. Husseini stated: "This translation is very problematic. At the most important places where it is held to prove the guilt of bin Laden, it is not identical with the Arabic."[97]
In the 2004 Osama bin Laden video, bin Laden abandoned his denials without retracting past statements. In it he stated he had personally directed the nineteen hijackers.[86][98] In the 18-minute tape, played on Al-Jazeera, four days before the American presidential election, bin Laden accused U.S. President George W. Bush of negligence on the hijacking of the planes on September 11.[86]
According to the tapes, bin Laden claimed he was inspired to destroy the World Trade Center after watching the destruction of towers in Lebanon by Israel during the 1982 Lebanon War.[99]
In two other tapes aired by Al Jazeera in 2006, Osama bin Laden announces,
I am the one in charge of the nineteen brothers … I was responsible for entrusting the nineteen brothers … with the raids [5 minute audiotape broadcast May 23, 2006],[100]
and is seen with Ramzi Binalshibh, as well as two of the 9/11 hijackers, Hamza al-Ghamdi and Wail al-Shehri, as they make preparations for the attacks (videotape broadcast September 7, 2006).[101]
Criminal charges
On March 16, 1998, Libya issued the first official international Interpol arrest warrant against Bin Laden and three other people for killing two German citizens in Libya on March 10, 1994, one of which is thought to have been a German counter-intelligence officer. Bin Laden is still wanted by the Libyan government.[102][103] Osama bin Laden was first indicted by the United States on June 8, 1998, when a grand jury indicted Osama bin Laden on charges of killing five Americans and two Indians in the November 14, 1995 truck bombing of a US-operated Saudi National Guard training center in Riyadh.[104]
Bin Laden was charged with "conspiracy to attack defense utilities of the United States" and prosecutors further charged that bin Laden is the head of the terrorist organization called al Qaeda, and that he was a major financial backer of Islamic fighters worldwide.[104] Bin Laden denied involvement but praised the attack. On November 4, 1998, Osama bin Laden was indicted by a Federal Grand Jury in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, on charges of Murder of US Nationals Outside the United States, Conspiracy to Murder US Nationals Outside the United States, and Attacks on a Federal Facility Resulting in Death[105] for his alleged role in the 1998 United States embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania. The evidence against bin Laden included courtroom testimony by former Al Qaeda members and satellite phone records, from a phone purchased for him by al-Qaeda procurement agent Ziyad Khaleel in the U.S.[106]
Bin Laden became the 456th person listed on the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list, when he was added to the list on June 7, 1999, following his indictment along with others for capital crimes in the 1998 embassy attacks. Attempts at assassination and requests for the extradition of bin Laden from the Taliban of Afghanistan were met with failure prior to the bombing of Afghanistan in October 2001.[107] In 1999, US President Bill Clinton convinced the United Nations to impose sanctions against Afghanistan in an attempt to force the Taliban to extradite him.
Years later, on October 10, 2001, bin Laden appeared as well on the initial list of the top 22 FBI Most Wanted Terrorists, which was released to the public by the President of the United States George W. Bush, in direct response to the attacks of 9/11, but which was again based on the indictment for the 1998 embassy attack. Bin Laden was among a group of thirteen fugitive terrorists wanted on that latter list for questioning about the 1998 embassy bombings. Bin Laden remains the only fugitive ever to be listed on both FBI fugitive lists.
Despite the multiple indictments listed above and multiple requests, the Taliban refused to extradite Osama Bin Laden. It wasn't until after the bombing of Afghanistan began in October 2001 that the Taliban finally did offer to turn over Osama bin Laden to a third-party country for trial, in return for the US ending the bombing and providing evidence that Osama bin Laden was involved in the 9/11 attacks. This offer was rejected by George W Bush stating that this was no longer negotiable with Bush responding that "There's no need to discuss innocence or guilt. We know he's guilty."[108]
Attempted capture by the United States
US propaganda leaflet used in Afghanistan.
Clinton Administration
Capturing Osama bin Laden has been an objective of the United States government since the presidency of Bill Clinton.[109] Shortly after the September 11 attacks it was revealed that President Clinton had signed a directive authorizing the CIA (and specifically their elite Special Activities Division) to apprehend bin Laden and bring him to the United States to stand trial after the 1998 United States embassy bombings in Africa; if taking bin Laden alive was deemed impossible, then deadly force was authorized.[110] On August 20, 1998, 66 cruise missiles launched by United States Navy ships in the Arabian Sea struck bin Laden's training camps near Khost in Afghanistan, narrowly missing him by a few hours.[111] In 1999 the CIA, together with Pakistani military intelligence, had prepared a team of approximately 60 Pakistani commandos to infiltrate Afghanistan to capture or kill bin Laden, but the plan was aborted by the 1999 Pakistani coup d'état;[111] in 2000, foreign operatives working on behalf of the CIA had fired a rocket-propelled grenade at a convoy of vehicles in which bin Laden was traveling through the mountains of Afghanistan, hitting one of the vehicles but not the one in which bin Laden was riding.[110]
In 2000, prior to the September 11 attacks, Paul Bremer characterized the Clinton administration as "correctly focused on bin Laden", while Robert Oakley criticized their "obsession with Osama".[72]
Bush Administration
According to The Washington Post, the US government concluded that Osama bin Laden was present during the Battle of Tora Bora, Afghanistan in late 2001, and according to civilian and military officials with first-hand knowledge, failure by the US to commit US ground troops to hunt him led to his escape and was the gravest failure by the US in the war against al Qaeda. Intelligence officials have assembled what they believe to be decisive evidence, from contemporary and subsequent interrogations and intercepted communications, that bin Laden began the battle of Tora Bora inside the cave complex along Afghanistan's mountainous eastern border.[112]
The Washington Post also reported that the CIA unit composed of their special operations paramilitary forces dedicated to capturing Osama was shut down in late 2005.[113]
US and Afghanistan forces raided the mountain caves in Tora Bora between 14–16 August 2007. The military was drawn to the area after receiving intelligence of a pre-Ramadan meeting held by al Qaeda members. After killing dozens of al Qaeda and Taliban members, they did not find either Osama bin Laden or Ayman al Zawahiri.[114]
Immediately after the 9/11 attacks, US government officials named bin Laden and the Al-Qaeda organization as the prime suspects and offered a reward of $25 million for information leading to his capture or death.[3][115] On July 13, 2007, this figure was doubled to $50 million.[116]
The Airline Pilots Association and the Air Transport Association are offering an additional $2 million reward.[117]
Obama Administration
U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates said in December 2009 that officials have had no reliable information on Bin Laden's whereabouts for "years". One week later, general Stanley McChrystal, the top U.S. commander in Afghanistan said in December 2009 that al-Qaeda will not be defeated unless its leader, Osama Bin Laden, is captured or killed. Testifying to the U.S. Congress, he said Bin Laden had become an "iconic figure, whose survival emboldens al-Qaeda as a franchising organization across the world", and that Obama's deployment of 30,000 extra troops to Afghanistan meant that success would be possible. "I don't think that we can finally defeat al-Qaeda until he's captured or killed", McChrystal said of Bin Laden. Killing or capturing Bin Laden would not spell the end of al-Qaeda, but the movement could not be eradicated while he remained at large.[118]
Conflicting reports of his death and his survival since 9/11
Shortly after the attacks of 9/11, US president George W. Bush issued a statement that as a consequence of the 9/11 attacks, he now hoped to "kill or capture" Bin Laden. Subsequently, Bin Laden retreated further from public contact as an obviously defensive measure against potential US capture. Since that time, numerous speculative press reports have been issued concerning various hearsay stories about his whereabouts, and also about alleged evidence of his supposed death. Meanwhile, Al Qaeda has continued to release time sensitive and professionally verified videos demonstrating Bin Laden's continued survival as recently as August of 2007.[119] In the years since 9/11, Al Queda has also released a regular series of audio and video tapes averaging once every two to three months, which seem to be generally accepted as authentic. Most recently, US General McChrystal emphasized the continued importance of the capture or killing of Bin Laden, thus clearly indicating that the US high command continues to believe that Bin Laden is probably still alive. Following are some of these conflicting reports regarding both his claimed death, and his claimed continued whereabouts:
Reports of his death
December 2001 Quoting an unnamed Taliban official, the Pakistan Observer reported that Bin Laden died of untreated lung complications and was buried in an unmarked grave in Tora Bora on December 15.[120] This report was picked up by Fox News in the United States on December 26.[121] Also on December 26, the Egyptian newspaper AlWafd - Daily carried a short obituary by a prominent official of the Afghan Taliban, who was allegedly present at the funeral, stating Bin Laden had been buried on or about December 13:[122]
"(Osama bin Laden) suffered serious complications and died a natural, quiet death. He was buried in Tora Bora, a funeral attended by 30 Al Qaeda fighters, close members of his family and friends from the Taliban. By the Wahhabi tradition, no mark was left on the grave"
A videotape was released on December 27 showing a gaunt, unwell Bin Laden, prompting an unnamed White House aide to comment that it could have been made shortly before his death.[120] On CNN, Dr Sanjay Gupta commented that Bin Laden's left arm never moved during the video, suggesting a recent stroke and possibly a symptom of kidney failure.[123] According to Pakistani President Musharraf, Bin Laden required two dialysis machines, which also suggests kidney failure.[124] "I think now, frankly, he is dead for the reason he is a... kidney patient," Musharraf said.[124] If Bin Laden suffered kidney failure, he would require a sterile environment, electricity, and continuous attention by a team of specialists, Gupta said.[123] In April 2002, U.S. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld stated, "We have heard neither hide nor hair of him since, oh, about December in terms of anything hard....We are pretty sure he is either alive or dead."[125] FBI Counterterrorism chief Dale Watson and President Karzai of Afghanistan also expressed the opinion that Bin Laden probably died at this time.[126][127]
October 2002: In a CNN interview, Afghan President Hamid Karzai stated that "I would come to believe that [bin Laden] probably is dead." [128]
April 2005: The Sydney Morning Herald stated "Dr Clive Williams, director of terrorism studies at the Australian National University, says documents provided by an Indian colleague suggested bin Laden died of massive organ failure in April last year … 'It's hard to prove or disprove these things because there hasn't really been anything that allows you to make a judgment one way or the other,' Dr. Williams said."[129]
Late 2005 CIA disbands "Alec Station", unit dedicated to Bin Laden.[130]
September 2006: On September 23, 2006, the French newspaper L'Est Républicain quoted a report from the French secret service (Direction générale de la sécurité extérieure, DGSE) stating that Osama bin Laden had died in Pakistan on August 23, 2006, after contracting a case of typhoid fever that paralyzed his lower limbs.[131] According to the newspaper, Saudi security services first heard of bin Laden's alleged death on September 4, 2006.[132][133][134] The alleged death was reported by the Saudi Arabian secret service to its government, which reported it to the French secret service. The French defense minister Michèle Alliot-Marie expressed her regret that the report had been published while French President Jacques Chirac declared that bin Laden's death had not been confirmed.[135] American authorities also cannot confirm reports of bin Laden's death,[136] with Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice saying only, "No comment, and no knowledge."[137] Later, CNN's Nic Robertson said that he had received confirmation from an anonymous Saudi source that the Saudi intelligence community has known for a while that bin Laden has a water-borne illness, but that he had heard no reports that it was specifically typhoid or that he had died.[138]
November 2007: In an interview with political interviewer David Frost taken on November 2, 2007, the Pakistani politician and Pakistan Peoples Party chairwoman Benazir Bhutto claimed that bin Laden had been murdered by Omar Sheikh. During her answer to a question pertaining to the identities of those who had previously attempted her own assassination, Bhutto named Sheikh as a possible suspect while referring to him as "the man who murdered Osama bin Laden." Despite the weight of such a statement, neither Bhutto nor Frost attempted to clarify it during the remainder of the interview.[139] Omar Chatriwala, a journalist for Al Jazeera English, claims that he chose not to pursue the story at the time because he believes Bhutto misspoke, meaning to say Sheikh murdered Daniel Pearl and not Osama Bin Laden.[140] The BBC drew criticism when it rebroadcast the Frost/Bhutto interview on its website, but edited out Bhutto's statement regarding Osama Bin Laden. Later the BBC apologized and replaced the edited version with the complete interview.[141] In October 2007, Bhutto stated in an interview that she would cooperate with the American military in targeting Osama bin Laden.[142]
March 2009: In an essay published in The American Spectator in March 2009, international relations professor Angelo Codevilla of Boston University argued that Osama bin Laden had been dead for many years.[143]
April 2009: During an interview with the Telegraph, Pakistan's President Asif Ali Zardari raised the prospect that Osama bin Laden could be dead after he said that intelligence officials could find "no trace" of the al-Qaeda chief. Mr Zardari's predecessor, Pervez Musharraf, similarly suggested that the Saudi terror chief could be dead. Additionally, Pakistan's intelligence agencies also believe Osama bin Laden may be dead.[144]
October 2009: An article in the conservative Daily Mail points out that the theory that Bin Laden died in 2001 "is gaining credence among political commentators, respected academics and even terror experts" and notes that the mounting evidence that supports the claim makes the theory "worthy of examination".[122]
Reports of his current whereabouts
Main article: Location of Osama bin Laden
Claims as to the location of Osama bin Laden have been made since December 2001, although none have been definitively proven and some have placed Osama in different locations during overlapping time periods. Since a major military offensive in Afghanistan in the wake of the 2001 al Qaeda attacks in the United States failed to uncover his whereabouts, Pakistan had regularly been identified as his suspected hiding place,
An December 11, 2005, letter from Atiyah Abd al-Rahman to Abu Musab al-Zarqawi indicates that bin Laden and the al-Qaeda leadership were based in the Waziristan region of Pakistan at the time. In the letter, translated by the United States military's Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, "Atiyah" instructs Zarqawi to "send messengers from your end to Waziristan so that they meet with the brothers of the leadership … I am now on a visit to them and I am writing you this letter as I am with them…" Al-Rahman also indicates that bin Laden and al-Qaeda are "weak" and "have many of their own problems." The letter has been deemed authentic by military and counterterrorism officials, according to the Washington Post.[145][146]
In 2009 a research team led by Thomas W. Gillespie and John A. Agnew of UCLA used satellite-aided geographical analysis to pinpoint three compounds in Parachinar as likely hideouts of Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden.[147]
In March 2009, the New York Daily News reported that the hunt for bin Laden had centered in the Chitral district of Pakistan, including the Kalam Valley. According to the report, author Rohan Gunaratna states that captured Al Qaeda leaders have confirmed that Chitral is where bin Laden is hiding.[148]
In the first week of December 2009, a Taliban detainee in Pakistan said he had information that Bin Laden was in Afghanistan in 2009. The detainee said that in January or February (of 2009) he met a trusted contact who had seen Bin Laden about 15 to 20 days earlier in Afghanistan. But, the US has had no reliable information on the whereabouts of Bin Laden in years, US Defense Secretary Robert Gates admitted on December 6, 2009.[149] Pakistan's Prime Minister Gillani rejected claims that Osama bin Laden would be hiding within his country.[150]
The digitally aged photograph of Osama bin Laden created using an image of Gaspar Llamazares
On January 15, 2010 the FBI published digitally aged pictures of Osama bin Laden showing what he may look like after a decade of aging. Spanish newspaper El Mundo revealed that a picture of a Spanish politician, Gaspar Llamazares was taken from Google images and used to create the image. The FBI has admitted to this and removed the image from its website. Gaspar Llamazares has responded by stating that he was stupefied by the FBI's decision to use his photograph to compose its latest image of al Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden and that he is considering taking legal action if the FBI does not provide an explanation.[151] An internal investigation has been launched by the FBI to find out if this was done intentionally.[152][153]
On February 2, 2010 an anonymous official of the Saudi Foreign Ministry declared that the kingdom had no intention of getting involved in peacemaking in Afghanistan unless the Taliban would sever ties with extremists and expel Osama bin Laden. This condition was announced as the Afghan president Karzai arrived in the kingdom for an official visit, for a discussion of a possible Saudi role in his plan to reintegrate Taliban militants [154]
Criticism
Main article: Criticism of Osama bin Laden
Salafist Muslims have criticized bin Laden for adherence to Qutbism (the ideology of Sayyid Qutb), takfir and Khaarijite deviance. Critics are said to include Muhammad Ibn Haadee al-Madkhalee, Abd-al-Aziz ibn Abd-Allah ibn Baaz, Shaykh Saalih al-Fawzaan and Muqbil bin Haadi al-Waadi'ee.
See also
Afghan Arabs
Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden
Afghan Civil War
Bin Laden Issue Station (The CIA's bin Laden tracking unit, 1996–2005)
Clearstream scandal (Bin Laden's Bahrain International Bank used this clearing house for its financial activities).
Islamic fundamentalism
Islamist terrorism
Islamofascism
Ladenese epistle
Mujahideen
Osama bin Laden as destructive Cult leader
Osama bin Laden in popular culture
Saleh Abdullah Kamel
The Golden Chain
The World's 10 Most Wanted
Videos of Osama bin Laden
Videos of Ayman al-Zawahiri
Special Activities Division
Footnotes
^ FBI.gov FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives.
^ In a New Video, Bin Laden Predicts U.S. Failure in Iraq - washingtonpost.com.
^ a b "Most Wanted Terrorist - Usama Bin Laden". FBI. Retrieved 2006-08-26.
^ "frontline: hunting bin laden: who is bin laden?: chronology". PBS. Retrieved 2006-08-21.
^ "Osama bin Laden". GlobalSecurity.org. 2006-01-11. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
^ "Osama bin Laden infoplease". Infoplease. Retrieved 2006-08-21.
^ a b Letter From Jedda, Young Osama, How he learned radicalism, and may have seen America, by Steve Coll, The New Yorker Fact, Issue of 2005-12-12, posted 2005-12-05.
^ Beyer, Lisa (2001-09-24). "The Most Wanted Man In The World". Time. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
^ Steve Coll, Young Osama. The New Yorker magazine, 2005-12-12.
^ Messages to the World: The Statements of Osama bin Laden, Verso, 2005, p. xii.
^ Encyclopedia of World Biography Supplement, Vol. 22. Gale Group, 2002.
^ "Hunting Bin Laden: Who is Bin Laden?". PBS Frontline.
^ Gunaratna, Rohan (2003). Inside Al Qaeda (3rd ed.). Berkley Books. p. 22.
^ Hug, Aziz (2006-01-19). "The Real Osama". American Prospect.
^ Wright, Looming Tower, (2006), p. 79.
^ Analysing Bin Laden's jihadi poetry, Michael Hirst, BBC News, 2008-09-24.
^ Michael Slackman (November 13, 2001), Bin Laden Kin Wait and Worry, Los Angeles Times, retrieved 2008-10-02.
^ CNN.com - Transcripts.
^ Osama bin Laden - A profile of Al Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden.
^ Messages, 2005, p. 218. "Resist the New Rome, audiotape delivered to al-Jazeera and broadcast by it on 2004-01-04.
^ Qutbism: An Ideology of Islamic-Fascism by Dale C. Eikmeier. From Parameters, Spring 2007, pp. 85–98.
^ Messages, (2005), p.143. from an interview published in Al-Quds Al-Arabi in London November 12, 2001 (originally published in Pakistani daily, Ausaf, Nov. 7.
^ Messages to the World, (2005), pp. xix, xx, editor Bruce Lawrence.
^ October 6, 2002. Appeared in Al-Qala'a website and then the London Observer 2002-11-24.
^ Messages, (2005) p. 70. Al Jazeera interview, December 1998, following Kenya and Tanzania embassy attacks.
^ Messages, (2005), p. 119, October 21, 2001 interview with Taysir Alluni of Al Jazeera.
^ Messages, (2005), p. 190. from 53-minute audiotape that "was circulated on various websites." dated February 14, 2003. "Among a Band of Knights."
^ from interview with Ali Soufan – a Lebanese Sunni FBI]agent – by Wright, Wright, Looming Tower (2006), p. 303.
^ Klebnikov, Paul (2001-09-14). "Who Is Osama bin Laden?". Forbes. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
^ Wright, Looming Tower (2006), p. 167.
^ Wright, Looming Tower (2006), p. 172.
^ Osama: The Making of a Terrorist John Randal I B Tauris & Co Ltd (2005-10-04).
^ A Capitol Idea Donald E. Abelson p. 208.
^ The New York Times, 2007-07-08.
^ The New York Times 2001-09-17.
^ BBC May 21, 2008 Is global terror threat falling?, BBC News, 2008-05-21.
^ "Osama bin Laden's operation" has "perpetrated the worst act of terrorism ever witnessed on US soil."
^ The Osama bin Laden I Know: An Oral History of al Qaeda's Leader, Peter Bergen Free Press 2006-08-08.
^ Through Our Enemies' Eyes: Osama bin Laden, Radical Islam, and the Future of America Michael Scheuer Potomac Books Inc. 2006-01-15.
^ Leaderless Jihad: Terror Networks in the Twenty-First Century Marc Sageman University of Pennsylvania Press 2008-01-03.
^ "...bin Laden himself is perhaps best viewed as a terrorist CEO."
^ A Devil's Triangle: Terrorism, Weapons Of Mass Destruction, And Rogue States Peter Brookes Rowman & Littlefield, 2005.
^ "Wanted: Usama Bin Laden". Interpol. Retrieved 2006-05-15.
^ "Who is Osama Bin Laden?". BBC News. 2001-09-18. Retrieved 2006-05-15.
^ "Photo: Zbigniew Brzezinski & Osama bin Laden"". Retrieved on 2007-04-21.
^ Lawrence Wright estimates his "share of the Saudi Binladin Group" circa fall 1989 as "amounted to 27 million Saudi riyals - a little more than [US]$ 7 million." Wright, (2006), p. 145.)
^ Katz, Samuel M. "Relentless Pursuit: The DSS and the manhunt for the al-Qaeda terrorists", 2002.
^ The Osama bin Laden I Know by Peter L. Bergen, pp.74–88. ISBN 0-7432-7892-5.
^ Wright, Lawrence, Looming Tower: Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11, by Lawrence Wright, NY, Knopf, 2006 p. 146.
^ Jehl, Douglas (2001-12-27). "A Nation Challenged: Holy war lured Saudis as rulers looked away". The New York Times: pp. A1, B4. Retrieved 2009-09-05.
^ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
^ "Osama bin Laden: The Past". Retrieved 2007-01-12.
^ Wright, Looming Towers (2006), p. 195.
^ Hunting the Jackal: A Special Forces and CIA Soldier's Fifty Years on the Frontlines of the War Against Terrorism] 2004
^ "9/11 Commission Report, Chapter 4" (PDF). 9/11 Commission.
^ Los Angeles Times, Fighters hunt former ally, 2001-12-06.
^ "Profile: Mullah Mohamed Omar". The 9/11 Commission Report. BBC. 2004-07-22. Retrieved 2006-09-28.
^ "9/11 Commission Report, Chapter 2" (PDF). 9/11 Commission.
^ Wright, Looming Towers (2006), p. 250.
^ "who is bin laden?: chronology PBS". Retrieved 2006-09-06.
^ testimony of Jamal al-Fadl, US v. Usama bin Laden, et al.
^ "The Death of American Virtue: Clinton vs. Starr"
^ "Bin laden had almost killed Clinton, says a new book"
^ Jailan Halawi, `bin Laden behind Luxor Massacre?` Al-Ahram Weekly, May 20–26, 1999.
^ Plett, Barbara (1999-05-13). "Bin Laden 'behind Luxor massacre'". BBC online network. Retrieved 2006-09-24.
^ "Profile: Ayman al-Zawahiri". BBC online network. 2004-09-27. Retrieved 2006-09-24.
^ Testimony of Abdurahman Khadr as a witness in the trial against Charkaoui, 2004-07-13.
^ Rashid, Taliban, p. 139.
^ Shaykh Usamah Bin-Muhammad Bin-Ladin; Ayman al-Zawahiri, Abu-Yasir Rifa'i Ahmad Taha, Shaykh Mir Hamzah, Fazlur Rahman (1998-02-23). "World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders: Initial "Fatwa" Statement" (in Arabic). al-Quds al-Arabi. Retrieved 2006-09-10.
^ Shaykh Usamah Bin-Muhammad Bin-Ladin; Ayman al-Zawahiri, Abu-Yasir Rifa'i Ahmad Taha, Shaykh Mir Hamzah, Fazlur Rahman (1998-02-23). "Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders. World Islamic Front Statement". al-Quds al-Arabi. Retrieved 2006-09-24. English language version of the fatwa translated by the Federation of American Scientists of the original Arabic document published in the newspaper al-Quds al-Arabi (London, U.K.) on 1998-02-23, p. 3.
^ Van Atta, Dale (1998). "CARBOMBS & CAMERAS - The Need for Responsible Media Coverage of Terrorism". Harvard International Review (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard International Relations Council) 20 (4): 66. ISBN 9780895264855. ISSN 0739-1854.
^ a b "Planned Jan. 2000 Attacks Failed or Were Thwarted; Plot Targeted U.S., Jordan, American Warship, Official Says", Vernon Loeb, The Washington Post, 2000-12-24 (mirrored at [1]).
^ Bosnia — base for terrorism.
^ Smith, Jeffrey. Washington Post, "A Bosnian Village's Terrorist Ties", 2000-03-11.
^ Canadian Security Intelligence Service, Summary of the Security Intelligence Report concerning Hassan Almrei, 2008-02-22.
^ Baravalle, Giorgio. "Rethink: Cause and Consequences of September 11", 2004.
^ Assyrian International News Agency, "Jihadists find convenient base in Bosnia", 2005-08-17.
^ a b c Bin Laden’s Balkan Connections.
^ BIN LADEN WAS GRANTED BOSNIAN PASSPORT, Agence France Presse 1999-09-24.
^ Outsiders Bring Islamic Fervor To the Balkans.
^ BIN LADEN WAS GRANTED BOSNIAN PASSPORT, Agence France Presse 1999-09-24.
^ Outsiders Bring Islamic Fervor To the Balkans.
^ Jane Mayer, The Dark Side, Doubleday. p. 114.
^ "'God knows it did not cross our minds to attack the towers'". The Guardian. Saturday October 30, 2004.
^ Eggen, Dan (August 28, 2006). "Bin Laden, Most Wanted For Embassy Bombings?". The Washington Post.
^ a b c "Bin Laden claims responsibility for 9/11". CBC News. October 29, 2004. Retrieved 2006-11-02.
^ "Osama claims responsibility for 9/11". The Times of India. 2006-05-24.
^ United Airlines Flight 93, United Airlines Flight 175, American Airlines Flight 11, and American Airlines Flight 77
^ "9/11 jurors face complex life or death decisions". CNN. 2006-04-26.
^ "2006 9/11 Death Toll". CNN. April 2006. Retrieved 2006-09-07.
*"24 Remain Missing". September 11 Victims. 2006, August 12. Retrieved 2006-09-07.
*"American Airlines Flight 11". CNN. Retrieved 2006-09-07.
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*"American Airlines Flight 77". CNN. Retrieved 2006-09-07.
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^ CIA Secret Program: PM Teams Targeting Al Qaeda, Greg Miller, Los Angeles Times, July 14, 2009, A1
^ President Bush, Secretary of the Treasury O'Neill and Secretary of State Powell, White House news release, September 24, 2001
^ Watson, Dale L., Executive Assistant Director, Counter terrorism/Counterintelligence Division, FBI (2002-02-06). "The Terrorist Threat Confronting the United States, Congressional Testimony before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence". Federal Bureau of Investigation.
^ "Responsibility for the Terrorist Atrocities in the United States, September 11, 2001". 10 Downing Street, Office of the Prime Minister of the UK. November 2001. Retrieved 2006-09-29.
^ Associated Press; Carl Cameron, Marla Lehner, Paul Wagenseil (2001-08-16). "Pakistan to Demand Taliban Give Up Bin Laden as Iran Seals Afghan Border". Fox News.
^ "Bin Laden on tape: Attacks 'benefited Islam greatly'". CNN. December 14, 2001. Retrieved 2006-09-07.
^ "Bin-Laden-Video: Falschübersetzung als Beweismittel?". WDR, Das Erste, MONITOR Nr. 485 am 2001-12-20.
^ "Al-Jazeera: Bin Laden tape obtained in Pakistan". MSNBC. October 30, 2004. Retrieved 2006-09-07.—"In the tape, bin Laden—wearing traditional white robes, a turban and a tan cloak—reads from papers at a lectern against a plain brown background. Speaking quietly in an even voice, he tells the American people that he ordered the September 11 attacks because “we are a free people” who wanted to "regain the freedom" of their nation."
^ Excerpts: Bin Laden video. BBC Online.
^ [2] Newsday.
^ "Bin Laden 9/11 planning video aired". CBC News. 2006-09-07.
^ "Was Libyan WMD Disarmament a Significant Success for Nonproliferation?". NTI.
^ Interpol Arrest Warrant File No. 1998/20232, Control No. A-268/5-1998. Brisard Jean-Charles, Dasquie Guillaume. “Forbidden Truth.” (New York: Thunder Mouth Press, 2002), p. 156.
^ a b Frontline; The New York Times and Rain Media ([2001?]). "Osama bin Laden: A Chronology of His Political Life". Hunting bin Laden: Who Is bin Laden?. WGBH Educational Foundation. Retrieved 2006-07-25.
^ "Indictment #S(9) 98 Cr. 1023" (PDF). United States District Court, Southern District of New York.
^ "Embassy bombing defendant linked to bin Laden". CNN. 2001-02-14.
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^ Bush rejects Taliban offer to hand Bin Laden over, guardian.co.uk, Sunday 2001-10-14.
^ "Bill Clinton: I got closer to killing bin Laden", CNN, 2006-09-25.
^ a b "Report: Clinton Targeted Bin Laden", CBS News, 2001-09-16.
^ a b "CIA Trained Pakistanis to Nab Terrorist But Military Coup Put an End to 1999 Plot", Washington Post, 2001-10-03.
^ Gellman, Barton; Ricks, Thomas E. (2002-04-16). "U.S. Concludes Bin Laden Escaped at Tora Bora Fight". Retrieved 2007-02-25.
^ CIA Reportedly Disbands Bin Laden Unit.
^ Bin Laden may have just escaped U.S. forces - Nightly News with Brian Williams - MSNBC.com.
^ "Five Years Ago Today - Usama bin Laden: Wanted for Murder". Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2003-11-05.
^ "Senate doubles Bin Laden reward". BBC News. 2007-07-13. Retrieved 2007-07-14.
^ "Officials, friends can't confirm Bin Laden death report". CNN. 2006-09-24.
^ "Gen McChrystal: Bin Laden is key to al-Qaeda defeat"
^ "Experts warn of attack clues in Bin Laden video". 2007. Retrieved 2010-01-09. Bin Laden video release authenticity discussed
^ a b David Ray Griffin, Osama Bin Laden: Dead or Alive?, pp. 3–5.
^ "Report: Bin Laden Already Dead", Fox, 2001-12-26.
^ a b Reid, Sue (September 11, 2009). "Has Osama Bin Laden been dead for seven years - and are the U.S. and Britain covering it up to continue war on terror?". Daily Mail. Retrieved October 25, 2009.
^ a b "Dr. Sanjay Gupta: Bin Laden would need help if on dialysis", CNN, 2002-01-21.
^ a b "Musharraf: bin Laden likely dead", CNN, 2002-01-19.
^ Burns, Robert, "Bin Laden Missing since December, Dessert News, 2002-04-26.
^ "Bin Laden 'probably' dead", BBC, 2002-07-18.
^ "Karzai: bin Laden 'probably' dead", CNN, 2002-10-07.
^ "Karzai: bin Laden 'probably' dead", CNN, 2002-10-07.
^ "Expert says bin Laden could be dead", by Australian Associated Press, 2006-01-16, in the Sydney Morning Herald.
^ "C.I.A. Closes Unit Focused on Capture of bin Laden.". New York Times. 2006-07-04. Retrieved 2007-08-21. "The Central Intelligence Agency has closed a unit that for a decade had the mission of hunting Osama bin Laden and his top lieutenants, intelligence officials confirmed Monday. The unit, known as Alec Station, was disbanded late last year and its analysts reassigned within the C.I.A. Counterterrorist Center, the officials said."
^ "Officials, friends can't confirm Bin Laden death report". CNN. 2006-09-23. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
^ "French paper says bin Laden died in Pakistan". Reuters. 2006-09-23.
^ Sammari, Laïd (2006-09-23). "Oussama Ben Laden serait mort" (in French). L'Est Républicain. Retrieved 2006-09-23.
^ "Chirac says no evidence bin Laden has died". MSNBC.com/AP. 2006-09-23. Retrieved 2006-09-23.
^ "Information sur la mort de ben Laden: Washington ne confirme pas" (in French). Le Monde/Agence France-Presse. 2006-09-23.
^ Anna Willard (writer) and David Morgan (2006-09-23). "France, US, unable to confirm report bin Laden dead". Reuters.
^ The Age (2006). Doubts over bin Laden death. Retrieved on 2006-09-24.
^ "Conflicting reports: Bin Laden could be dead or ill". CNN. 2006-09-23.
^ "Frost over the World - Benazir Bhutto - Nov 02, 07". Retrieved 2008-01-15.
^ "Bhutto and Bin Laden in the rumor mill". Retrieved 2008-01-18.
^ "BBC News: Editing Interviews". Retrieved 2008-01-23.
^ "Bhutto would take US aid against bin Laden". Retrieved 2008-01-18.
^ "Osama bin Elvis". Retrieved 2009-03-15.
^ "Pakistan's President says Osama bin Laden could be dead", Telegraph, 2009-04-27.
^ Karen DeYoung (2006-10-02). "Letter Gives Glimpse of Al-Qaeda's Leadership". Washington Post.
^ "Letter Exposes New Leader in Al-Qa`ida High Command (PDF)" (PDF). Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. 2006-09-25.
^ Gillespie, Thomas W. et al. (2009). "Finding Osama bin Laden: An Application of Biogeographic Theories and Satellite Imagery". MIT International Review. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
^ Meek, James Gordon, "Tighten The Net On Evil", New York Daily News, 2009-03-15, p. 27.
^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8397684.stm
^ "Bin Laden not in Pakistan, PM says"
^ http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/16/AR2010011601597.html
^ [3]
^ "Spanish MP's photo 'used for Osama Bin Laden poster'". BBC News. January 16, 2010. Retrieved January 16, 2010.
^ "http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/02/AR2010020201084.html "Saudi Arabia wants Taliban to expel bin Laden"
References
Peter L. Bergen, The Osama bin Laden I Know: New York: Free Press, 2006
Michael Scheuer, Through Our Enemies' Eyes, Washington, D.C. : Brassey's, c2002
Wright, Lawrence, The Looming Tower : Al-Qaeda And The Road To 9/11, New York : Knopf, 2006.
External links
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Hunting Bin Laden – PBS Frontline (Nov. 2002)
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FBIS Report, Compilation of Usama Bin Laden Statements 1994-January 2004
FBI's 10 Most Wanted Fugitives poster
New Yorker article on Osama's youth
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Osama" redirects here. For other uses, see Usama (name).
"bin Laden" redirects here. For other uses, see bin Laden (disambiguation).
Usāmah bin Muḥammad bin `Awaḍ bin Lādin
(Arabic: أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن)
Born March 10, 1957 (age 52)
Osama bin Laden on an al-Qaeda propaganda poster
Place of birth Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Allegiance Al-Qaeda
Battles/wars Soviet war in Afghanistan
War on Terrorism:
War in Afghanistan
War in North-West Pakistan
Wikinews has related news: Decade worth of messages, interviews from bin Laden leaked to web
Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden (with numerous variations; Arabic: أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن, Usāmah bin Muḥammad bin ‘Awaḍ bin Lādin; born March 10, 1957) is a member of the prominent Saudi bin Laden family and the founding leader of the terrorist organization al-Qaeda, best known for the September 11 attacks on the United States and numerous other mass-casualty attacks against civilian targets. Bin Laden is on the American Federal Bureau of Investigation's list of FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives.[1]
Since 2001, Osama bin Laden and his organization have been major targets of the United States' War on Terrorism. Bin Laden and fellow Al-Qaeda leaders are believed to be hiding near the border of Afghanistan and Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas.
Contents [hide]
1 Variations of bin Laden's name
2 Childhood, education and personal life
3 Beliefs and ideology
4 Militant activity
4.1 Mujahideen in Afghanistan
4.2 Formation and structuring of Al-Qaeda
4.3 Sudan
4.4 Early attacks and aid for attacks
4.5 Balkan wars
4.6 September 11, 2001 attacks
5 Criminal charges
6 Attempted capture by the United States
6.1 Clinton Administration
6.2 Bush Administration
6.3 Obama Administration
7 Conflicting reports of his death and his survival since 9/11
7.1 Reports of his death
7.2 Reports of his current whereabouts
8 Criticism
9 See also
10 Footnotes
11 References
12 External links
Variations of bin Laden's name
There is not a universally accepted standard in the West for transliterating Arabic words and names into English, so bin Laden's name is spelled in many different ways. The version translation most often used by English-language mass media is Osama bin Laden. Most American government agencies, including the FBI and CIA, use either "Usama bin Laden" or "Usama bin Ladin", both of which are often abbreviated to UBL. Less common renderings include "Ussamah Bin Ladin" and "Oussama Ben Laden" (French-language mass media). The last two words of the name can also be found as "Binladen" or (as used by his family in the West) "Binladin". The spelling with 'o' and 'e' comes from a Persian-influenced pronunciation used in Afghanistan where he was for a long time.
Strictly speaking, Arabic linguistic conventions dictate that he be referred to as "Osama" or "Osama bin Laden", not "bin Laden," as "Bin Laden" is not used as a surname in the Western manner, but simply as part of his name, which in its long form means "Osama, son of Mohammed, son of 'Awad, son of Laden". Still, "bin Laden" has become nearly universal in Western references to him.
Bin Laden's admirers commonly use several aliases and nicknames, including the Prince, the Sheikh, Al-Amir, Abu Abdallah, Sheikh Al-Mujahid, the Lion Sheik,[2] the Director.[3]
Childhood, education and personal life
Main article: Childhood, education and personal life of Osama bin Laden
See also: Bin Laden family
Osama bin Laden was born in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.[4] In a 1998 interview, he gave his birth date as March 10, 1957.[5] His father Muhammed Awad bin Laden was a wealthy businessman with close ties to the Saudi royal family.[6] Osama bin Laden was born the only son of Muhammed bin Laden's tenth wife, Hamida al-Attas.[7] Osama's parents divorced soon after he was born; Osama's mother then married Muhammad al-Attas. The couple had four children, and Osama lived in the new household with three half-brothers and one half-sister.[7]
Bin Laden was raised as a devout Wahhabi Muslim.[8] From 1968 to 1976 he attended the "élite" secular Al-Thager Model School.[9] Bin Laden studied economics and business administration[10] at King Abdulaziz University. Some reports suggest bin Laden earned a degree in civil engineering in 1979,[11] or a degree in public administration in 1981.[12] Other sources describe him as having left university during his third year,[13] never completing a college degree, though "hard working."[14] At university, bin Laden's main interest was religion, where he was involved in both "interpreting the Quran and jihad" and charitable work.[15] He also writes poetry.[16]
In 1974, at the age of 17, bin Laden married his first wife Najwa Ghanem at Latakia.[17] According to CNN national security correspondent David Ensore, as of 2002 bin Laden had married four women and fathered roughly 25 or 26 children.[18] Other sources report that he has fathered anywhere from 12 to 24 children.[19]
Beliefs and ideology
Main article: Beliefs and ideology of Osama bin Laden
Bin Laden believes that the restoration of Sharia law will set things right in the Muslim world, and that all other ideologies—"pan-Arabism, socialism, communism, democracy"—must be opposed.[20] These beliefs, along with violent expansive jihad, have sometimes been called Qutbism.[21] He believes Afghanistan under the rule of Mullah Omar's Taliban was "the only Islamic country" in the Muslim world.[22] Bin Laden has consistently dwelt on the need for violent jihad to right what he believes are injustices against Muslims perpetrated by the United States and sometimes by other non-Muslim states,[23] the need to eliminate the state of Israel, and the necessity of forcing the US to withdraw from the Middle East. He has also called on Americans to "reject the immoral acts of fornication (and) homosexuality, intoxicants, gambling, and usury," in an October 2002 letter.[24]
Probably the most infamous part of Bin Laden's ideology is that civilians, including women and children, are legitimate targets of jihad.[25][26] Bin Laden is antisemitic, and has delivered warnings against alleged Jewish conspiracies: "These Jews are masters of usury and leaders in treachery. They will leave you nothing, either in this world or the next."[27] Shia Muslims have been listed along with "Heretics,... America and Israel," as the four principal "enemies of Islam" at ideology classes of bin Laden's Al-Qaeda organization.[28]
In keeping with Wahhabi beliefs,[29] bin Laden opposes music on religious grounds,[30] and his attitude towards technology is mixed. He is interested in "earth-moving machinery and genetic engineering of plants" on the one hand, but rejects "chilled water" on the other.[31]
His viewpoints and methods of achieving them have led to him been designated as a "terrorist" by scholars,[32][33] journalists from the New York Times,[34][35] the British Broadcasting Corporation,[36] and Qatari news station Al Jazeera,[37] analysts such as Peter Bergen,[38] Michael Scheuer,[39] Marc Sageman,[40] and Bruce Hoffman[41][42] and he was indicted on terrorism charges by law enforcement agencies in Madrid, New York City, and Tripoli.[43]
Militant activity
Main article: Militant activity of Osama bin Laden
Mujahideen in Afghanistan
Bin Laden with Pakistani journalist Hamid Mir in 1997
After leaving college in 1979 bin Laden joined Abdullah Azzam to fight the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan[44] and lived for a time in Peshawar.[45]
By 1984, with Azzam, bin Laden established Maktab al-Khadamat, which funneled money, arms and Muslim fighters from around the Arabic world into the Afghan war. Through al-Khadamat, bin Laden's inherited family fortune[46] paid for air tickets and accommodation, dealt with paperwork with Pakistani authorities and provided other such services for the jihad fighters. Osama established a camp in Afghanistan, and with other volunteers fought the Soviets.
Following the withdrawal of Soviet troups from Afghanistan, bin Laden moved to Peshawar in 1994.[citation needed] It was during his time in Peshawar that he began wearing camouflage-print jackets and carrying a captured Soviet assault rifle, which urban legends claimed he had obtained by killing a Russian soldier with his bare hands.[47]
Formation and structuring of Al-Qaeda
Main article: Al-Qaeda
By 1988, bin Laden had split from Maktab al-Khidamat. While Azzam acted as support for Afghan fighters, bin Laden wanted a more military role. One of the main points leading to the split and the creation of al-Qaeda was Azzam's insistence that Arab fighters be integrated among the Afghan fighting groups instead of forming a separate fighting force.[48]
Following the Soviet Union's withdrawal from Afghanistan in February 1989, Osama bin Laden returned to Saudi Arabia in 1990 as a hero of jihad, who along with his Arab legion, "had brought down the mighty superpower" of the Soviet Union.[49] The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait on August 2, 1990 had put the kingdom and its ruling House of Saud at risk. The world's most valuable oil fields were within easy striking distance of Iraqi forces in Kuwait, and Saddam's call to pan-Arab/Islamism could potentially rally internal dissent. bin Laden met with King Fahd, and Sultan, Minister of Defence of Saudi Arabia, telling them not to depend on non-Muslim troops, and offered to help defend Saudi Arabia with his mujahideen fighters. Bin Laden's offer was rebuffed, and after the American offer to help repel Iraq from Kuwait was accepted, involving deploying U.S. troops in Saudi territory[50], he publicly denounced Saudi Arabia's dependence on the U.S. military, as he believed the presence of foreign troops in the "land of the two mosques" (Mecca and Medina) profaned sacred soil. Bin Laden's criticism of the Saudi monarchy led that government to attempt to silence him.
Shortly after Saudi Arabia permitted U.S. troops on Saudi soil, bin Laden turned his attention to attacks on the west. On November 8, 1990, the FBI raided the New Jersey home of El Sayyid Nosair, an associate of al Qaeda operative Ali Mohamed, discovering a great deal of evidence of terrorist plots, including plans to blow up New York City skyscrapers, marking the earliest uncovering of al Qaeda plans for such activities outside of Muslim countries.[51] Nosair was eventually convicted in connection to the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, and for the murder of Rabbi Meir Kahane on November 5, 1990.
Bin Laden continued to speak publicly against the Saudi government for harboring American troops, for which the Saudis banished him. He went to live in exile in Sudan, in 1992, in a deal brokered by al Qaeda operative Ali Mohamed[52].
Sudan
In Sudan, bin Laden established a new base for mujahideen operations, in Khartoum.
bin Laden continued his verbal assault on King Fahd of Saudi Arabia, and in response, on March 5, 1994, Fahd sent an emissary to Sudan demanding bin Laden's passport. His family was persuaded to cut off his monthly stipend, the equivalent of $7 million a year.[53] By now bin Laden was strongly associated with Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ), which made up the core of al-Qaeda. In 1995 the EIJ attempted to assassinate Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. The attempt failed, and the EIJ was expelled from Sudan.
Sudan also began efforts to expel bin Laden. The 9/11 Commission Report states:
"In late 1995, when Bin Laden was still in Sudan, the State Department and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) learned that Sudanese officials were discussing with the Saudi government the possibility of expelling Bin Laden. CIA paramilitary officer Billy Waugh tracked down bin Ladin in the Sudan and prepared an operation to apprehend him, but was denied authorization.[54] US Ambassador Timothy Carney encouraged the Sudanese to pursue this course. The Saudis, however, did not want Bin Laden, giving as their reason their revocation of his citizenship. Sudan’s minister of defense, Fatih Erwa, has claimed that Sudan offered to hand Bin Laden over to the United States. The Commission has found no credible evidence that this was so. Ambassador Carney had instructions only to push the Sudanese to expel Bin Laden. Ambassador Carney had no legal basis to ask for more from the Sudanese since, at the time, there was no indictment outstanding."[55]
The 9/11 Commission Report further states:
"In February 1996, Sudanese officials began approaching officials from the United States and other governments, asking what actions of theirs might ease foreign pressure. In secret meetings with Saudi officials, Sudan offered to expel bin Laden to Saudi Arabia and asked the Saudis to pardon him. US officials became aware of these secret discussions, certainly by March. Saudi officials apparently wanted bin Laden expelled from Sudan. They had already revoked his citizenship, however, and would not tolerate his presence in their country. Also bin Laden may have no longer felt safe in Sudan, where he had already escaped at least one assassination attempt that he believed to have been the work of the Egyptian or Saudi regimes, or both."
In May 1996, under increasing pressure on Sudan, from Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and the United States, bin Laden returned to Jalalabad, Afghanistan aboard a chartered jet, and there forged a close relationship with Mullah Mohammed Omar.[56][57] When Bin Laden left Sudan, he and his organization were significantly weakened, despite his ambitions and organizational skills.[58] In Afghanistan, bin Laden and Al-Qaeda raised money from "donors from the days of the Soviet jihad", and from the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI).[59]
Early attacks and aid for attacks
It is believed that the first bombing attack involving bin Laden was the December 29, 1992 bombing of the Gold Mihor Hotel in Aden in which two people were killed.[60]
It was after this bombing that al-Qaeda was reported to have developed its justification for the killing of innocent people. According to a fatwa issued by Mamdouh Mahmud Salim, the killing of someone standing near the enemy is justified because any innocent bystander will find their proper reward in death, going to Paradise if they were good Muslims and to hell if they were bad or non-believers.[61] The fatwa was issued to al-Qaeda members but not the general public.
In the 1990s bin Laden's al-Qaeda assisted jihadis financially and sometimes militarily in Algeria, Egypt and Afghanistan. In 1992 or 1993 bin Laden sent an emissary, Qari el-Said, with $40,000 to Algeria to aid the Islamists and urge war rather than negotiation with the government. Their advice was heeded but the war that followed killed 150,000–200,000 Algerians and ended with Islamist surrender to the government.
In 2009 the American law professor Ken Gromley revealed in his book "The Death of American Virtue" [62], to be released in February 2010, that the US President Clinton escaped from being assassinated in the Philippines by terrorists "controlled by Osama bin Laden" in 1996 [63].
Another effort by bin Laden was the funding of the Luxor massacre of November 17, 1997,[64][65][66] which killed 62 civilians, but so revolted the Egyptian public that it turned against Islamist terror. In mid-1997, the Northern Alliance threatened to overrun Jalalabad, causing Bin Laden to abandon his Nazim Jihad compound and move his operations to Tarnak Farms in the south.[67]
A later effort that did succeed was an attack on the city of Mazar-e-Sharif in Afghanistan. Bin Laden helped cement his alliance with his hosts the Taliban by sending several hundred of his Afghan Arab fighters along to help the Taliban kill between five and six thousand Hazaras overrunning the city.[68]
In 1998, Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri co-signed a fatwa in the name of the World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders which declared the killing of North Americans and their allies an "individual duty for every Muslim" to "liberate the al-Aqsa Mosque (in Jerusalem) and the holy mosque (in Mecca) from their grip".[69][70] At the public announcement of the fatwa bin Laden announced that North Americans are "very easy targets." He told the attending journalists, "You will see the results of this in a very short time."[71]
At the end of 2000, Richard Clarke revealed that Islamic militants headed by bin Laden had planned a triple attack on January 3, 2000 which would have included bombings in Jordan of the Radisson SAS Hotel in Amman and tourists at Mount Nebo and a site on the Jordan River, the sinking of the destroyer USS The Sullivans in Yemen, as well as an attack on a target within the United States. The plan was foiled by the arrest of the Jordanian terrorist cell, the sinking of the explosive-filled skiff intended to target the destroyer, and the arrest of Ahmed Ressam.[72]
Balkan wars
See also: Bosnian mujahideen
A former U.S. State Department official in October 2001 described Bosnia and Herzegovina as a safe haven for terrorists, after it was revealed that militant elements of the former Sarajevo government were protecting extremists, some with ties to Osama bin Laden.[73] In 1997, Rzeczpospolita, one of the largest Polish daily newspapers, reported that intelligence services of the Nordic-Polish SFOR Brigade suspected that a center for training terrorists from Islamic countries was located in the Bocina Donja village near Maglaj in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 1992, hundreds of volunteers joined an "all-mujahedeen unit" called El Moujahed in an abandoned hillside factory, a compound with a hospital and prayer hall. According to Middle East intelligence reports, bin Laden financed small convoys of recruits from the Arab world through his businesses in Sudan. Among them was Karim Said Atmani who was identified by authorities as the document forger for a group of Algerians accused of plotting the bombings in the USA.[74] He is a former roommate of Ahmed Ressam, the man arrested at the Canadian-U.S. border in mid-December 1999 with a car full of nitroglycerin and bomb-making materials.[75][76] He was convicted of colluding with Osama bin Laden by a French court.[77]
A Bosnian government search of passport and residency records, conducted at the urging of the United States, revealed other former mujahideen who are linked to the same Algerian group or to other groups of suspected terrorists who have lived in this area 60 miles (97 km) north of Sarajevo, the capital, in the past few years. Khalil al-Deek, was arrested in Jordan in late December 1999 on suspicion of involvement in a plot to blow up tourist sites; a second man with Bosnian citizenship, Hamid Aich, lived in Canada at the same time as Atmani and worked for a charity associated with Osama Bin Laden. In its June 26, 1997 Report on the bombing of the Al Khobar building in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, the New York Times noted that those arrested confessed to serving with Bosnian Muslims forces. Further, the captured men also admitted to ties with Osama bin Laden.[78][79][80]
In 1999 it was revealed that Osama bin Laden and his Tunisian assistant Mehrez Aodouni were granted citizenship and Bosnian passports in 1993 by the Government in Sarajevo. This information was denied by the Bosnian government following the 9/11 attacks, but it was later found that Aodouni was arrested in Turkey and that at that time he possessed the Bosnian passport. Following this revelation, a new explanation was given that bin Laden "did not personally collect his Bosnian passport" and that officials at the Bosnian embassy in Vienna, which issued the passport, could not have known who bin Laden was at the time.[78][81][82] The Bosnian daily Oslobođenje published in 2001 that three men, believed linked to be linked to Osama Bin Laden, were arrested in Sarajevo in July 2001. The three, one of whom was identified as Imad El Misri, were Egyptian nationals. The paper said that two of the suspects were holding Bosnian passports.[78]
In 1998 it was reported that bin Laden was operating his Al Qaeda network out of Albania. The Charleston Gazette quoted Fatos Klosi, the head of the Albanian intelligence service, as saying a network run by Saudi exile Osama bin Laden sent units to fight in the Serbian province of Kosovo. Confirmation of these activities came from Claude Kader, a French national who said he was a member of bin Laden's Albanian network.
By 1998 four members of Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ) were arrested in Albania, and extradited to Egypt at the urging of the CIA. It is believed that the 1998 bombing of US embassies in Africa occurred as retaliation for these arrests.[83]
September 11, 2001 attacks
See also: September 11 attacks
"Allah knows it did not cross our minds to attack the towers but after the situation became unbearable and we witnessed the injustice and tyranny of the American-Israeli alliance against our people in Palestine and Lebanon, I thought about it. And the events that affected me directly were that of 1982 and the events that followed -- when America allowed the Israelis to invade Lebanon, helped by the U.S. Sixth Fleet. As I watched the destroyed towers in Lebanon, it occurred to me punish the unjust the same way (and) to destroy towers in America so it could taste some of what we are tasting and to stop killing our children and women."
– Osama bin Laden[84]
See also: Videos of Osama bin Laden
After initial denial, in 2004 Osama bin Laden claimed responsibility for the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States.[85][86][87] The attacks involved the hijacking of four commercial passenger aircraft,[88] the subsequent destruction of those planes and the World Trade Center in New York City, New York, severe damage to The Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia[89], and the deaths of 2,974 people and the nineteen hijackers.[90] In response to the attacks, the United States launched a War on Terrorism to depose the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and capture al-Qaeda operatives, and several countries strengthened their anti-terrorism legislation to preclude future attacks. The CIA's Special Activities Division was given the lead in tracking down and killing or capturing bin Laden.[91]
The Federal Bureau of Investigation has stated that classified[92] evidence linking Al-Qaeda and bin Laden to the attacks of September 11 is clear and irrefutable.[93] The Government of the United Kingdom reached a similar conclusion regarding Al Qaeda and Osama bin Laden's culpability for the September 11, 2001, attacks attacks although the government report notes that the evidence presented is insufficient for a prosecutable case.[94] Bin Laden initially denied involvement in the attacks. On September 16, 2001, bin Laden read a statement later broadcast by Qatar's Al Jazeera satellite channel denying responsibility for the attack.[95]
In a videotape recovered by US forces in November 2001 in Jalalabad, bin Laden was seen discussing the attack with Khaled al-Harbi in a way that indicates foreknowledge.[96] The tape was broadcast on various news networks on December 13, 2001. The merits of this translation have been disputed. Arabist Dr. Abdel El M. Husseini stated: "This translation is very problematic. At the most important places where it is held to prove the guilt of bin Laden, it is not identical with the Arabic."[97]
In the 2004 Osama bin Laden video, bin Laden abandoned his denials without retracting past statements. In it he stated he had personally directed the nineteen hijackers.[86][98] In the 18-minute tape, played on Al-Jazeera, four days before the American presidential election, bin Laden accused U.S. President George W. Bush of negligence on the hijacking of the planes on September 11.[86]
According to the tapes, bin Laden claimed he was inspired to destroy the World Trade Center after watching the destruction of towers in Lebanon by Israel during the 1982 Lebanon War.[99]
In two other tapes aired by Al Jazeera in 2006, Osama bin Laden announces,
I am the one in charge of the nineteen brothers … I was responsible for entrusting the nineteen brothers … with the raids [5 minute audiotape broadcast May 23, 2006],[100]
and is seen with Ramzi Binalshibh, as well as two of the 9/11 hijackers, Hamza al-Ghamdi and Wail al-Shehri, as they make preparations for the attacks (videotape broadcast September 7, 2006).[101]
Criminal charges
On March 16, 1998, Libya issued the first official international Interpol arrest warrant against Bin Laden and three other people for killing two German citizens in Libya on March 10, 1994, one of which is thought to have been a German counter-intelligence officer. Bin Laden is still wanted by the Libyan government.[102][103] Osama bin Laden was first indicted by the United States on June 8, 1998, when a grand jury indicted Osama bin Laden on charges of killing five Americans and two Indians in the November 14, 1995 truck bombing of a US-operated Saudi National Guard training center in Riyadh.[104]
Bin Laden was charged with "conspiracy to attack defense utilities of the United States" and prosecutors further charged that bin Laden is the head of the terrorist organization called al Qaeda, and that he was a major financial backer of Islamic fighters worldwide.[104] Bin Laden denied involvement but praised the attack. On November 4, 1998, Osama bin Laden was indicted by a Federal Grand Jury in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, on charges of Murder of US Nationals Outside the United States, Conspiracy to Murder US Nationals Outside the United States, and Attacks on a Federal Facility Resulting in Death[105] for his alleged role in the 1998 United States embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania. The evidence against bin Laden included courtroom testimony by former Al Qaeda members and satellite phone records, from a phone purchased for him by al-Qaeda procurement agent Ziyad Khaleel in the U.S.[106]
Bin Laden became the 456th person listed on the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list, when he was added to the list on June 7, 1999, following his indictment along with others for capital crimes in the 1998 embassy attacks. Attempts at assassination and requests for the extradition of bin Laden from the Taliban of Afghanistan were met with failure prior to the bombing of Afghanistan in October 2001.[107] In 1999, US President Bill Clinton convinced the United Nations to impose sanctions against Afghanistan in an attempt to force the Taliban to extradite him.
Years later, on October 10, 2001, bin Laden appeared as well on the initial list of the top 22 FBI Most Wanted Terrorists, which was released to the public by the President of the United States George W. Bush, in direct response to the attacks of 9/11, but which was again based on the indictment for the 1998 embassy attack. Bin Laden was among a group of thirteen fugitive terrorists wanted on that latter list for questioning about the 1998 embassy bombings. Bin Laden remains the only fugitive ever to be listed on both FBI fugitive lists.
Despite the multiple indictments listed above and multiple requests, the Taliban refused to extradite Osama Bin Laden. It wasn't until after the bombing of Afghanistan began in October 2001 that the Taliban finally did offer to turn over Osama bin Laden to a third-party country for trial, in return for the US ending the bombing and providing evidence that Osama bin Laden was involved in the 9/11 attacks. This offer was rejected by George W Bush stating that this was no longer negotiable with Bush responding that "There's no need to discuss innocence or guilt. We know he's guilty."[108]
Attempted capture by the United States
US propaganda leaflet used in Afghanistan.
Clinton Administration
Capturing Osama bin Laden has been an objective of the United States government since the presidency of Bill Clinton.[109] Shortly after the September 11 attacks it was revealed that President Clinton had signed a directive authorizing the CIA (and specifically their elite Special Activities Division) to apprehend bin Laden and bring him to the United States to stand trial after the 1998 United States embassy bombings in Africa; if taking bin Laden alive was deemed impossible, then deadly force was authorized.[110] On August 20, 1998, 66 cruise missiles launched by United States Navy ships in the Arabian Sea struck bin Laden's training camps near Khost in Afghanistan, narrowly missing him by a few hours.[111] In 1999 the CIA, together with Pakistani military intelligence, had prepared a team of approximately 60 Pakistani commandos to infiltrate Afghanistan to capture or kill bin Laden, but the plan was aborted by the 1999 Pakistani coup d'état;[111] in 2000, foreign operatives working on behalf of the CIA had fired a rocket-propelled grenade at a convoy of vehicles in which bin Laden was traveling through the mountains of Afghanistan, hitting one of the vehicles but not the one in which bin Laden was riding.[110]
In 2000, prior to the September 11 attacks, Paul Bremer characterized the Clinton administration as "correctly focused on bin Laden", while Robert Oakley criticized their "obsession with Osama".[72]
Bush Administration
According to The Washington Post, the US government concluded that Osama bin Laden was present during the Battle of Tora Bora, Afghanistan in late 2001, and according to civilian and military officials with first-hand knowledge, failure by the US to commit US ground troops to hunt him led to his escape and was the gravest failure by the US in the war against al Qaeda. Intelligence officials have assembled what they believe to be decisive evidence, from contemporary and subsequent interrogations and intercepted communications, that bin Laden began the battle of Tora Bora inside the cave complex along Afghanistan's mountainous eastern border.[112]
The Washington Post also reported that the CIA unit composed of their special operations paramilitary forces dedicated to capturing Osama was shut down in late 2005.[113]
US and Afghanistan forces raided the mountain caves in Tora Bora between 14–16 August 2007. The military was drawn to the area after receiving intelligence of a pre-Ramadan meeting held by al Qaeda members. After killing dozens of al Qaeda and Taliban members, they did not find either Osama bin Laden or Ayman al Zawahiri.[114]
Immediately after the 9/11 attacks, US government officials named bin Laden and the Al-Qaeda organization as the prime suspects and offered a reward of $25 million for information leading to his capture or death.[3][115] On July 13, 2007, this figure was doubled to $50 million.[116]
The Airline Pilots Association and the Air Transport Association are offering an additional $2 million reward.[117]
Obama Administration
U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates said in December 2009 that officials have had no reliable information on Bin Laden's whereabouts for "years". One week later, general Stanley McChrystal, the top U.S. commander in Afghanistan said in December 2009 that al-Qaeda will not be defeated unless its leader, Osama Bin Laden, is captured or killed. Testifying to the U.S. Congress, he said Bin Laden had become an "iconic figure, whose survival emboldens al-Qaeda as a franchising organization across the world", and that Obama's deployment of 30,000 extra troops to Afghanistan meant that success would be possible. "I don't think that we can finally defeat al-Qaeda until he's captured or killed", McChrystal said of Bin Laden. Killing or capturing Bin Laden would not spell the end of al-Qaeda, but the movement could not be eradicated while he remained at large.[118]
Conflicting reports of his death and his survival since 9/11
Shortly after the attacks of 9/11, US president George W. Bush issued a statement that as a consequence of the 9/11 attacks, he now hoped to "kill or capture" Bin Laden. Subsequently, Bin Laden retreated further from public contact as an obviously defensive measure against potential US capture. Since that time, numerous speculative press reports have been issued concerning various hearsay stories about his whereabouts, and also about alleged evidence of his supposed death. Meanwhile, Al Qaeda has continued to release time sensitive and professionally verified videos demonstrating Bin Laden's continued survival as recently as August of 2007.[119] In the years since 9/11, Al Queda has also released a regular series of audio and video tapes averaging once every two to three months, which seem to be generally accepted as authentic. Most recently, US General McChrystal emphasized the continued importance of the capture or killing of Bin Laden, thus clearly indicating that the US high command continues to believe that Bin Laden is probably still alive. Following are some of these conflicting reports regarding both his claimed death, and his claimed continued whereabouts:
Reports of his death
December 2001 Quoting an unnamed Taliban official, the Pakistan Observer reported that Bin Laden died of untreated lung complications and was buried in an unmarked grave in Tora Bora on December 15.[120] This report was picked up by Fox News in the United States on December 26.[121] Also on December 26, the Egyptian newspaper AlWafd - Daily carried a short obituary by a prominent official of the Afghan Taliban, who was allegedly present at the funeral, stating Bin Laden had been buried on or about December 13:[122]
"(Osama bin Laden) suffered serious complications and died a natural, quiet death. He was buried in Tora Bora, a funeral attended by 30 Al Qaeda fighters, close members of his family and friends from the Taliban. By the Wahhabi tradition, no mark was left on the grave"
A videotape was released on December 27 showing a gaunt, unwell Bin Laden, prompting an unnamed White House aide to comment that it could have been made shortly before his death.[120] On CNN, Dr Sanjay Gupta commented that Bin Laden's left arm never moved during the video, suggesting a recent stroke and possibly a symptom of kidney failure.[123] According to Pakistani President Musharraf, Bin Laden required two dialysis machines, which also suggests kidney failure.[124] "I think now, frankly, he is dead for the reason he is a... kidney patient," Musharraf said.[124] If Bin Laden suffered kidney failure, he would require a sterile environment, electricity, and continuous attention by a team of specialists, Gupta said.[123] In April 2002, U.S. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld stated, "We have heard neither hide nor hair of him since, oh, about December in terms of anything hard....We are pretty sure he is either alive or dead."[125] FBI Counterterrorism chief Dale Watson and President Karzai of Afghanistan also expressed the opinion that Bin Laden probably died at this time.[126][127]
October 2002: In a CNN interview, Afghan President Hamid Karzai stated that "I would come to believe that [bin Laden] probably is dead." [128]
April 2005: The Sydney Morning Herald stated "Dr Clive Williams, director of terrorism studies at the Australian National University, says documents provided by an Indian colleague suggested bin Laden died of massive organ failure in April last year … 'It's hard to prove or disprove these things because there hasn't really been anything that allows you to make a judgment one way or the other,' Dr. Williams said."[129]
Late 2005 CIA disbands "Alec Station", unit dedicated to Bin Laden.[130]
September 2006: On September 23, 2006, the French newspaper L'Est Républicain quoted a report from the French secret service (Direction générale de la sécurité extérieure, DGSE) stating that Osama bin Laden had died in Pakistan on August 23, 2006, after contracting a case of typhoid fever that paralyzed his lower limbs.[131] According to the newspaper, Saudi security services first heard of bin Laden's alleged death on September 4, 2006.[132][133][134] The alleged death was reported by the Saudi Arabian secret service to its government, which reported it to the French secret service. The French defense minister Michèle Alliot-Marie expressed her regret that the report had been published while French President Jacques Chirac declared that bin Laden's death had not been confirmed.[135] American authorities also cannot confirm reports of bin Laden's death,[136] with Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice saying only, "No comment, and no knowledge."[137] Later, CNN's Nic Robertson said that he had received confirmation from an anonymous Saudi source that the Saudi intelligence community has known for a while that bin Laden has a water-borne illness, but that he had heard no reports that it was specifically typhoid or that he had died.[138]
November 2007: In an interview with political interviewer David Frost taken on November 2, 2007, the Pakistani politician and Pakistan Peoples Party chairwoman Benazir Bhutto claimed that bin Laden had been murdered by Omar Sheikh. During her answer to a question pertaining to the identities of those who had previously attempted her own assassination, Bhutto named Sheikh as a possible suspect while referring to him as "the man who murdered Osama bin Laden." Despite the weight of such a statement, neither Bhutto nor Frost attempted to clarify it during the remainder of the interview.[139] Omar Chatriwala, a journalist for Al Jazeera English, claims that he chose not to pursue the story at the time because he believes Bhutto misspoke, meaning to say Sheikh murdered Daniel Pearl and not Osama Bin Laden.[140] The BBC drew criticism when it rebroadcast the Frost/Bhutto interview on its website, but edited out Bhutto's statement regarding Osama Bin Laden. Later the BBC apologized and replaced the edited version with the complete interview.[141] In October 2007, Bhutto stated in an interview that she would cooperate with the American military in targeting Osama bin Laden.[142]
March 2009: In an essay published in The American Spectator in March 2009, international relations professor Angelo Codevilla of Boston University argued that Osama bin Laden had been dead for many years.[143]
April 2009: During an interview with the Telegraph, Pakistan's President Asif Ali Zardari raised the prospect that Osama bin Laden could be dead after he said that intelligence officials could find "no trace" of the al-Qaeda chief. Mr Zardari's predecessor, Pervez Musharraf, similarly suggested that the Saudi terror chief could be dead. Additionally, Pakistan's intelligence agencies also believe Osama bin Laden may be dead.[144]
October 2009: An article in the conservative Daily Mail points out that the theory that Bin Laden died in 2001 "is gaining credence among political commentators, respected academics and even terror experts" and notes that the mounting evidence that supports the claim makes the theory "worthy of examination".[122]
Reports of his current whereabouts
Main article: Location of Osama bin Laden
Claims as to the location of Osama bin Laden have been made since December 2001, although none have been definitively proven and some have placed Osama in different locations during overlapping time periods. Since a major military offensive in Afghanistan in the wake of the 2001 al Qaeda attacks in the United States failed to uncover his whereabouts, Pakistan had regularly been identified as his suspected hiding place,
An December 11, 2005, letter from Atiyah Abd al-Rahman to Abu Musab al-Zarqawi indicates that bin Laden and the al-Qaeda leadership were based in the Waziristan region of Pakistan at the time. In the letter, translated by the United States military's Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, "Atiyah" instructs Zarqawi to "send messengers from your end to Waziristan so that they meet with the brothers of the leadership … I am now on a visit to them and I am writing you this letter as I am with them…" Al-Rahman also indicates that bin Laden and al-Qaeda are "weak" and "have many of their own problems." The letter has been deemed authentic by military and counterterrorism officials, according to the Washington Post.[145][146]
In 2009 a research team led by Thomas W. Gillespie and John A. Agnew of UCLA used satellite-aided geographical analysis to pinpoint three compounds in Parachinar as likely hideouts of Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden.[147]
In March 2009, the New York Daily News reported that the hunt for bin Laden had centered in the Chitral district of Pakistan, including the Kalam Valley. According to the report, author Rohan Gunaratna states that captured Al Qaeda leaders have confirmed that Chitral is where bin Laden is hiding.[148]
In the first week of December 2009, a Taliban detainee in Pakistan said he had information that Bin Laden was in Afghanistan in 2009. The detainee said that in January or February (of 2009) he met a trusted contact who had seen Bin Laden about 15 to 20 days earlier in Afghanistan. But, the US has had no reliable information on the whereabouts of Bin Laden in years, US Defense Secretary Robert Gates admitted on December 6, 2009.[149] Pakistan's Prime Minister Gillani rejected claims that Osama bin Laden would be hiding within his country.[150]
The digitally aged photograph of Osama bin Laden created using an image of Gaspar Llamazares
On January 15, 2010 the FBI published digitally aged pictures of Osama bin Laden showing what he may look like after a decade of aging. Spanish newspaper El Mundo revealed that a picture of a Spanish politician, Gaspar Llamazares was taken from Google images and used to create the image. The FBI has admitted to this and removed the image from its website. Gaspar Llamazares has responded by stating that he was stupefied by the FBI's decision to use his photograph to compose its latest image of al Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden and that he is considering taking legal action if the FBI does not provide an explanation.[151] An internal investigation has been launched by the FBI to find out if this was done intentionally.[152][153]
On February 2, 2010 an anonymous official of the Saudi Foreign Ministry declared that the kingdom had no intention of getting involved in peacemaking in Afghanistan unless the Taliban would sever ties with extremists and expel Osama bin Laden. This condition was announced as the Afghan president Karzai arrived in the kingdom for an official visit, for a discussion of a possible Saudi role in his plan to reintegrate Taliban militants [154]
Criticism
Main article: Criticism of Osama bin Laden
Salafist Muslims have criticized bin Laden for adherence to Qutbism (the ideology of Sayyid Qutb), takfir and Khaarijite deviance. Critics are said to include Muhammad Ibn Haadee al-Madkhalee, Abd-al-Aziz ibn Abd-Allah ibn Baaz, Shaykh Saalih al-Fawzaan and Muqbil bin Haadi al-Waadi'ee.
See also
Afghan Arabs
Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden
Afghan Civil War
Bin Laden Issue Station (The CIA's bin Laden tracking unit, 1996–2005)
Clearstream scandal (Bin Laden's Bahrain International Bank used this clearing house for its financial activities).
Islamic fundamentalism
Islamist terrorism
Islamofascism
Ladenese epistle
Mujahideen
Osama bin Laden as destructive Cult leader
Osama bin Laden in popular culture
Saleh Abdullah Kamel
The Golden Chain
The World's 10 Most Wanted
Videos of Osama bin Laden
Videos of Ayman al-Zawahiri
Special Activities Division
Footnotes
^ FBI.gov FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives.
^ In a New Video, Bin Laden Predicts U.S. Failure in Iraq - washingtonpost.com.
^ a b "Most Wanted Terrorist - Usama Bin Laden". FBI. Retrieved 2006-08-26.
^ "frontline: hunting bin laden: who is bin laden?: chronology". PBS. Retrieved 2006-08-21.
^ "Osama bin Laden". GlobalSecurity.org. 2006-01-11. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
^ "Osama bin Laden infoplease". Infoplease. Retrieved 2006-08-21.
^ a b Letter From Jedda, Young Osama, How he learned radicalism, and may have seen America, by Steve Coll, The New Yorker Fact, Issue of 2005-12-12, posted 2005-12-05.
^ Beyer, Lisa (2001-09-24). "The Most Wanted Man In The World". Time. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
^ Steve Coll, Young Osama. The New Yorker magazine, 2005-12-12.
^ Messages to the World: The Statements of Osama bin Laden, Verso, 2005, p. xii.
^ Encyclopedia of World Biography Supplement, Vol. 22. Gale Group, 2002.
^ "Hunting Bin Laden: Who is Bin Laden?". PBS Frontline.
^ Gunaratna, Rohan (2003). Inside Al Qaeda (3rd ed.). Berkley Books. p. 22.
^ Hug, Aziz (2006-01-19). "The Real Osama". American Prospect.
^ Wright, Looming Tower, (2006), p. 79.
^ Analysing Bin Laden's jihadi poetry, Michael Hirst, BBC News, 2008-09-24.
^ Michael Slackman (November 13, 2001), Bin Laden Kin Wait and Worry, Los Angeles Times, retrieved 2008-10-02.
^ CNN.com - Transcripts.
^ Osama bin Laden - A profile of Al Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden.
^ Messages, 2005, p. 218. "Resist the New Rome, audiotape delivered to al-Jazeera and broadcast by it on 2004-01-04.
^ Qutbism: An Ideology of Islamic-Fascism by Dale C. Eikmeier. From Parameters, Spring 2007, pp. 85–98.
^ Messages, (2005), p.143. from an interview published in Al-Quds Al-Arabi in London November 12, 2001 (originally published in Pakistani daily, Ausaf, Nov. 7.
^ Messages to the World, (2005), pp. xix, xx, editor Bruce Lawrence.
^ October 6, 2002. Appeared in Al-Qala'a website and then the London Observer 2002-11-24.
^ Messages, (2005) p. 70. Al Jazeera interview, December 1998, following Kenya and Tanzania embassy attacks.
^ Messages, (2005), p. 119, October 21, 2001 interview with Taysir Alluni of Al Jazeera.
^ Messages, (2005), p. 190. from 53-minute audiotape that "was circulated on various websites." dated February 14, 2003. "Among a Band of Knights."
^ from interview with Ali Soufan – a Lebanese Sunni FBI]agent – by Wright, Wright, Looming Tower (2006), p. 303.
^ Klebnikov, Paul (2001-09-14). "Who Is Osama bin Laden?". Forbes. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
^ Wright, Looming Tower (2006), p. 167.
^ Wright, Looming Tower (2006), p. 172.
^ Osama: The Making of a Terrorist John Randal I B Tauris & Co Ltd (2005-10-04).
^ A Capitol Idea Donald E. Abelson p. 208.
^ The New York Times, 2007-07-08.
^ The New York Times 2001-09-17.
^ BBC May 21, 2008 Is global terror threat falling?, BBC News, 2008-05-21.
^ "Osama bin Laden's operation" has "perpetrated the worst act of terrorism ever witnessed on US soil."
^ The Osama bin Laden I Know: An Oral History of al Qaeda's Leader, Peter Bergen Free Press 2006-08-08.
^ Through Our Enemies' Eyes: Osama bin Laden, Radical Islam, and the Future of America Michael Scheuer Potomac Books Inc. 2006-01-15.
^ Leaderless Jihad: Terror Networks in the Twenty-First Century Marc Sageman University of Pennsylvania Press 2008-01-03.
^ "...bin Laden himself is perhaps best viewed as a terrorist CEO."
^ A Devil's Triangle: Terrorism, Weapons Of Mass Destruction, And Rogue States Peter Brookes Rowman & Littlefield, 2005.
^ "Wanted: Usama Bin Laden". Interpol. Retrieved 2006-05-15.
^ "Who is Osama Bin Laden?". BBC News. 2001-09-18. Retrieved 2006-05-15.
^ "Photo: Zbigniew Brzezinski & Osama bin Laden"". Retrieved on 2007-04-21.
^ Lawrence Wright estimates his "share of the Saudi Binladin Group" circa fall 1989 as "amounted to 27 million Saudi riyals - a little more than [US]$ 7 million." Wright, (2006), p. 145.)
^ Katz, Samuel M. "Relentless Pursuit: The DSS and the manhunt for the al-Qaeda terrorists", 2002.
^ The Osama bin Laden I Know by Peter L. Bergen, pp.74–88. ISBN 0-7432-7892-5.
^ Wright, Lawrence, Looming Tower: Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11, by Lawrence Wright, NY, Knopf, 2006 p. 146.
^ Jehl, Douglas (2001-12-27). "A Nation Challenged: Holy war lured Saudis as rulers looked away". The New York Times: pp. A1, B4. Retrieved 2009-09-05.
^ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
^ "Osama bin Laden: The Past". Retrieved 2007-01-12.
^ Wright, Looming Towers (2006), p. 195.
^ Hunting the Jackal: A Special Forces and CIA Soldier's Fifty Years on the Frontlines of the War Against Terrorism] 2004
^ "9/11 Commission Report, Chapter 4" (PDF). 9/11 Commission.
^ Los Angeles Times, Fighters hunt former ally, 2001-12-06.
^ "Profile: Mullah Mohamed Omar". The 9/11 Commission Report. BBC. 2004-07-22. Retrieved 2006-09-28.
^ "9/11 Commission Report, Chapter 2" (PDF). 9/11 Commission.
^ Wright, Looming Towers (2006), p. 250.
^ "who is bin laden?: chronology PBS". Retrieved 2006-09-06.
^ testimony of Jamal al-Fadl, US v. Usama bin Laden, et al.
^ "The Death of American Virtue: Clinton vs. Starr"
^ "Bin laden had almost killed Clinton, says a new book"
^ Jailan Halawi, `bin Laden behind Luxor Massacre?` Al-Ahram Weekly, May 20–26, 1999.
^ Plett, Barbara (1999-05-13). "Bin Laden 'behind Luxor massacre'". BBC online network. Retrieved 2006-09-24.
^ "Profile: Ayman al-Zawahiri". BBC online network. 2004-09-27. Retrieved 2006-09-24.
^ Testimony of Abdurahman Khadr as a witness in the trial against Charkaoui, 2004-07-13.
^ Rashid, Taliban, p. 139.
^ Shaykh Usamah Bin-Muhammad Bin-Ladin; Ayman al-Zawahiri, Abu-Yasir Rifa'i Ahmad Taha, Shaykh Mir Hamzah, Fazlur Rahman (1998-02-23). "World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders: Initial "Fatwa" Statement" (in Arabic). al-Quds al-Arabi. Retrieved 2006-09-10.
^ Shaykh Usamah Bin-Muhammad Bin-Ladin; Ayman al-Zawahiri, Abu-Yasir Rifa'i Ahmad Taha, Shaykh Mir Hamzah, Fazlur Rahman (1998-02-23). "Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders. World Islamic Front Statement". al-Quds al-Arabi. Retrieved 2006-09-24. English language version of the fatwa translated by the Federation of American Scientists of the original Arabic document published in the newspaper al-Quds al-Arabi (London, U.K.) on 1998-02-23, p. 3.
^ Van Atta, Dale (1998). "CARBOMBS & CAMERAS - The Need for Responsible Media Coverage of Terrorism". Harvard International Review (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard International Relations Council) 20 (4): 66. ISBN 9780895264855. ISSN 0739-1854.
^ a b "Planned Jan. 2000 Attacks Failed or Were Thwarted; Plot Targeted U.S., Jordan, American Warship, Official Says", Vernon Loeb, The Washington Post, 2000-12-24 (mirrored at [1]).
^ Bosnia — base for terrorism.
^ Smith, Jeffrey. Washington Post, "A Bosnian Village's Terrorist Ties", 2000-03-11.
^ Canadian Security Intelligence Service, Summary of the Security Intelligence Report concerning Hassan Almrei, 2008-02-22.
^ Baravalle, Giorgio. "Rethink: Cause and Consequences of September 11", 2004.
^ Assyrian International News Agency, "Jihadists find convenient base in Bosnia", 2005-08-17.
^ a b c Bin Laden’s Balkan Connections.
^ BIN LADEN WAS GRANTED BOSNIAN PASSPORT, Agence France Presse 1999-09-24.
^ Outsiders Bring Islamic Fervor To the Balkans.
^ BIN LADEN WAS GRANTED BOSNIAN PASSPORT, Agence France Presse 1999-09-24.
^ Outsiders Bring Islamic Fervor To the Balkans.
^ Jane Mayer, The Dark Side, Doubleday. p. 114.
^ "'God knows it did not cross our minds to attack the towers'". The Guardian. Saturday October 30, 2004.
^ Eggen, Dan (August 28, 2006). "Bin Laden, Most Wanted For Embassy Bombings?". The Washington Post.
^ a b c "Bin Laden claims responsibility for 9/11". CBC News. October 29, 2004. Retrieved 2006-11-02.
^ "Osama claims responsibility for 9/11". The Times of India. 2006-05-24.
^ United Airlines Flight 93, United Airlines Flight 175, American Airlines Flight 11, and American Airlines Flight 77
^ "9/11 jurors face complex life or death decisions". CNN. 2006-04-26.
^ "2006 9/11 Death Toll". CNN. April 2006. Retrieved 2006-09-07.
*"24 Remain Missing". September 11 Victims. 2006, August 12. Retrieved 2006-09-07.
*"American Airlines Flight 11". CNN. Retrieved 2006-09-07.
*"United Airlines Flight 175". CNN. Retrieved 2006-09-07.
*"American Airlines Flight 77". CNN. Retrieved 2006-09-07.
*"American Airlines Flight 77". CNN. Retrieved 2006-09-07.
*Roddy, Dennis B. (October 2001). "Flight 93: Forty lives, one destiny". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 2006-09-07.
^ CIA Secret Program: PM Teams Targeting Al Qaeda, Greg Miller, Los Angeles Times, July 14, 2009, A1
^ President Bush, Secretary of the Treasury O'Neill and Secretary of State Powell, White House news release, September 24, 2001
^ Watson, Dale L., Executive Assistant Director, Counter terrorism/Counterintelligence Division, FBI (2002-02-06). "The Terrorist Threat Confronting the United States, Congressional Testimony before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence". Federal Bureau of Investigation.
^ "Responsibility for the Terrorist Atrocities in the United States, September 11, 2001". 10 Downing Street, Office of the Prime Minister of the UK. November 2001. Retrieved 2006-09-29.
^ Associated Press; Carl Cameron, Marla Lehner, Paul Wagenseil (2001-08-16). "Pakistan to Demand Taliban Give Up Bin Laden as Iran Seals Afghan Border". Fox News.
^ "Bin Laden on tape: Attacks 'benefited Islam greatly'". CNN. December 14, 2001. Retrieved 2006-09-07.
^ "Bin-Laden-Video: Falschübersetzung als Beweismittel?". WDR, Das Erste, MONITOR Nr. 485 am 2001-12-20.
^ "Al-Jazeera: Bin Laden tape obtained in Pakistan". MSNBC. October 30, 2004. Retrieved 2006-09-07.—"In the tape, bin Laden—wearing traditional white robes, a turban and a tan cloak—reads from papers at a lectern against a plain brown background. Speaking quietly in an even voice, he tells the American people that he ordered the September 11 attacks because “we are a free people” who wanted to "regain the freedom" of their nation."
^ Excerpts: Bin Laden video. BBC Online.
^ [2] Newsday.
^ "Bin Laden 9/11 planning video aired". CBC News. 2006-09-07.
^ "Was Libyan WMD Disarmament a Significant Success for Nonproliferation?". NTI.
^ Interpol Arrest Warrant File No. 1998/20232, Control No. A-268/5-1998. Brisard Jean-Charles, Dasquie Guillaume. “Forbidden Truth.” (New York: Thunder Mouth Press, 2002), p. 156.
^ a b Frontline; The New York Times and Rain Media ([2001?]). "Osama bin Laden: A Chronology of His Political Life". Hunting bin Laden: Who Is bin Laden?. WGBH Educational Foundation. Retrieved 2006-07-25.
^ "Indictment #S(9) 98 Cr. 1023" (PDF). United States District Court, Southern District of New York.
^ "Embassy bombing defendant linked to bin Laden". CNN. 2001-02-14.
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^ Bush rejects Taliban offer to hand Bin Laden over, guardian.co.uk, Sunday 2001-10-14.
^ "Bill Clinton: I got closer to killing bin Laden", CNN, 2006-09-25.
^ a b "Report: Clinton Targeted Bin Laden", CBS News, 2001-09-16.
^ a b "CIA Trained Pakistanis to Nab Terrorist But Military Coup Put an End to 1999 Plot", Washington Post, 2001-10-03.
^ Gellman, Barton; Ricks, Thomas E. (2002-04-16). "U.S. Concludes Bin Laden Escaped at Tora Bora Fight". Retrieved 2007-02-25.
^ CIA Reportedly Disbands Bin Laden Unit.
^ Bin Laden may have just escaped U.S. forces - Nightly News with Brian Williams - MSNBC.com.
^ "Five Years Ago Today - Usama bin Laden: Wanted for Murder". Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2003-11-05.
^ "Senate doubles Bin Laden reward". BBC News. 2007-07-13. Retrieved 2007-07-14.
^ "Officials, friends can't confirm Bin Laden death report". CNN. 2006-09-24.
^ "Gen McChrystal: Bin Laden is key to al-Qaeda defeat"
^ "Experts warn of attack clues in Bin Laden video". 2007. Retrieved 2010-01-09. Bin Laden video release authenticity discussed
^ a b David Ray Griffin, Osama Bin Laden: Dead or Alive?, pp. 3–5.
^ "Report: Bin Laden Already Dead", Fox, 2001-12-26.
^ a b Reid, Sue (September 11, 2009). "Has Osama Bin Laden been dead for seven years - and are the U.S. and Britain covering it up to continue war on terror?". Daily Mail. Retrieved October 25, 2009.
^ a b "Dr. Sanjay Gupta: Bin Laden would need help if on dialysis", CNN, 2002-01-21.
^ a b "Musharraf: bin Laden likely dead", CNN, 2002-01-19.
^ Burns, Robert, "Bin Laden Missing since December, Dessert News, 2002-04-26.
^ "Bin Laden 'probably' dead", BBC, 2002-07-18.
^ "Karzai: bin Laden 'probably' dead", CNN, 2002-10-07.
^ "Karzai: bin Laden 'probably' dead", CNN, 2002-10-07.
^ "Expert says bin Laden could be dead", by Australian Associated Press, 2006-01-16, in the Sydney Morning Herald.
^ "C.I.A. Closes Unit Focused on Capture of bin Laden.". New York Times. 2006-07-04. Retrieved 2007-08-21. "The Central Intelligence Agency has closed a unit that for a decade had the mission of hunting Osama bin Laden and his top lieutenants, intelligence officials confirmed Monday. The unit, known as Alec Station, was disbanded late last year and its analysts reassigned within the C.I.A. Counterterrorist Center, the officials said."
^ "Officials, friends can't confirm Bin Laden death report". CNN. 2006-09-23. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
^ "French paper says bin Laden died in Pakistan". Reuters. 2006-09-23.
^ Sammari, Laïd (2006-09-23). "Oussama Ben Laden serait mort" (in French). L'Est Républicain. Retrieved 2006-09-23.
^ "Chirac says no evidence bin Laden has died". MSNBC.com/AP. 2006-09-23. Retrieved 2006-09-23.
^ "Information sur la mort de ben Laden: Washington ne confirme pas" (in French). Le Monde/Agence France-Presse. 2006-09-23.
^ Anna Willard (writer) and David Morgan (2006-09-23). "France, US, unable to confirm report bin Laden dead". Reuters.
^ The Age (2006). Doubts over bin Laden death. Retrieved on 2006-09-24.
^ "Conflicting reports: Bin Laden could be dead or ill". CNN. 2006-09-23.
^ "Frost over the World - Benazir Bhutto - Nov 02, 07". Retrieved 2008-01-15.
^ "Bhutto and Bin Laden in the rumor mill". Retrieved 2008-01-18.
^ "BBC News: Editing Interviews". Retrieved 2008-01-23.
^ "Bhutto would take US aid against bin Laden". Retrieved 2008-01-18.
^ "Osama bin Elvis". Retrieved 2009-03-15.
^ "Pakistan's President says Osama bin Laden could be dead", Telegraph, 2009-04-27.
^ Karen DeYoung (2006-10-02). "Letter Gives Glimpse of Al-Qaeda's Leadership". Washington Post.
^ "Letter Exposes New Leader in Al-Qa`ida High Command (PDF)" (PDF). Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. 2006-09-25.
^ Gillespie, Thomas W. et al. (2009). "Finding Osama bin Laden: An Application of Biogeographic Theories and Satellite Imagery". MIT International Review. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
^ Meek, James Gordon, "Tighten The Net On Evil", New York Daily News, 2009-03-15, p. 27.
^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8397684.stm
^ "Bin Laden not in Pakistan, PM says"
^ http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/16/AR2010011601597.html
^ [3]
^ "Spanish MP's photo 'used for Osama Bin Laden poster'". BBC News. January 16, 2010. Retrieved January 16, 2010.
^ "http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/02/AR2010020201084.html "Saudi Arabia wants Taliban to expel bin Laden"
References
Peter L. Bergen, The Osama bin Laden I Know: New York: Free Press, 2006
Michael Scheuer, Through Our Enemies' Eyes, Washington, D.C. : Brassey's, c2002
Wright, Lawrence, The Looming Tower : Al-Qaeda And The Road To 9/11, New York : Knopf, 2006.
External links
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Hunting Bin Laden – PBS Frontline (Nov. 2002)
Who is Osama bin Laden – BBC News (Sept. 2001)
FBIS Report, Compilation of Usama Bin Laden Statements 1994-January 2004
FBI's 10 Most Wanted Fugitives poster
New Yorker article on Osama's youth
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War on Terrorism
Categories: 1957 births | Afghan Civil War | Al-Qaeda founders | Civil engineers | FBI Top Ten Most Wanted Fugitives | Islamic terrorism | Osama bin Laden | People involved in the Soviet war in Afghanistan | Living people | September 11 attacks | Fugitives wanted on terrorism charges | Saudi anti-communists | Saudi Arabian Islamists | Saudi Arabian Wahhabists | Salafis | Saudi Arabian al-Qaeda members | Saudi poets | FBI Most Wanted Terrorists | People of the War in Afghanistan (2001–present) | Climate change environmentalists
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